Editing Concussion (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
Concussion symptoms vary between people and include physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms.<ref name="British Journal of Sports Medicine_2017">{{cite journal |vauthors= |date=June 2017 |title=Concussion recognition tool 5© |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=872 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2017-097508CRT5 |pmid=28446447 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symptoms may appear immediately or be delayed by 1–2 days.<ref name="British Journal of Sports Medicine_2017" /> Delayed onset of symptoms may still be serious and require a medical assessment.<ref name="Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation_2019" /> Up to one-third of people with concussion experience longer or persisting concussion symptoms, also known as [[Post-concussion syndrome|post concussion syndrome]] or [[persisting symptoms after concussion]], which is defined as concussion symptoms lasting for 4 weeks or longer in children and adolescents, and symptoms lasting for more than 14 days in an adult.<ref name="Marshall2023" /><ref name="Mc2017" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Broshek DK, Pardini JE, Herring SA | title = Persisting symptoms after concussion: Time for a paradigm shift | journal = PM&R | volume = 14 | issue = 12 | pages = 1509–1513 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152344 | pmc = 10087676 | doi = 10.1002/pmrj.12884 }}</ref> The severity of the initial symptoms is the strongest predictor of recovery time in adults.<ref name=Mc2017 />

===Physical===
[[Headache]]s are the most common mTBI symptom.<ref name=Kushner98/> Others include dizziness, vomiting, nausea, lack of [[motor coordination]], difficulty [[Balance (ability)|balancing]],<ref name=Kushner98/> or other problems with movement or sensation. Visual symptoms include [[photophobia|light sensitivity]],<ref name="Bowen03">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bowen AP | title = Second impact syndrome: a rare, catastrophic, preventable complication of concussion in young athletes | journal = Journal of Emergency Nursing | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 287–289 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12776088 | doi = 10.1067/men.2003.90 }}</ref> seeing bright lights,<ref name="cantu01">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cantu RC | title = Posttraumatic Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia: Pathophysiology and Implications in Grading and Safe Return to Play | journal = Journal of Athletic Training | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 244–248 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 12937491 | pmc = 155413 }}</ref> [[blurred vision]],<ref name=Rees03/> and [[diplopia|double vision]].<ref name="Erlanger99">{{cite journal | vauthors = Erlanger DM, Kutner KC, Barth JT, Barnes R | title = Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia Pugilistica to Post Concussion Syndrome | journal = The Clinical Neuropsychologist | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 193–209 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10949160 | doi = 10.1076/clin.13.2.193.1963 }}</ref> [[Tinnitus]], or a ringing in the ears, is also commonly reported.<ref name=Rees03/> In one in about seventy concussions, concussive [[convulsion]]s occur, but seizures that take place during or immediately after a concussion are not "[[post-traumatic seizure]]s", and, unlike post-traumatic seizures, are not predictive of [[post-traumatic epilepsy]], which requires some form of structural brain damage, not just a momentary disruption in normal brain functioning.<ref name="McCrory1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCrory PR, Berkovic SF | title = Concussive convulsions. Incidence in sport and treatment recommendations | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–136 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9519401 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-199825020-00005 | s2cid = 22738069 }}</ref> Concussive convulsions are thought to result from temporary loss or inhibition of motor function and are not associated either with epilepsy or with more serious structural damage. They are not associated with any particular [[sequela]]e and have the same high rate of favorable outcomes as concussions without convulsions.<ref name="Perron">{{cite journal | vauthors = Perron AD, Brady WJ, Huff JS | title = Concussive convulsions: emergency department assessment and management of a frequently misunderstood entity | journal = Academic Emergency Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 296–298 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11229957 | doi = 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01312.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Cognitive and emotional===
Cognitive symptoms include confusion, [[disorientation]], and difficulty focusing [[attention]]. Loss of consciousness may occur, but is not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion if it is brief.<ref name="canturc06"/> [[Post-traumatic amnesia]], in which events following the injury cannot be recalled, is a hallmark of concussions.<ref name=Kushner98/> [[Mental confusion|Confusion]] may be present immediately or may develop over several minutes.<ref name=Kushner98/> A person may repeat the same questions,<ref name="aanMgmt">{{cite web |author=Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |url=http://www.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/pdf_1995_thru_1998/1997.48.581.pdf |title=Practice Parameter: The Management of Concussion in Sports (Summary Statement) |publisher=American Academy of Neurology |year=1997 |pages=1–7 |access-date=2008-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228143923/http://www.aan.com/professionals/practice/pdfs/pdf_1995_thru_1998/1997.48.581.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> be slow to respond to questions or directions, have a vacant stare, or have slurred<ref name=Kushner98/> or incoherent speech.<ref name="foundations">{{cite book | vauthors = Anderson MK, Hall SJ, Martin M | title = Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment, and Management | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g-q0rwBZAcsC&pg=PA235 | year = 2004 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | isbn = 978-0-7817-5001-1 | page = 236 | access-date = 2018-03-06 | archive-date = 2021-08-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828044937/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-q0rwBZAcsC&pg=PA235 | url-status = live }}</ref> Other concussion symptoms include changes in sleeping patterns and difficulty with reasoning, concentrating, and performing everyday activities.<ref name="Kushner98" /><ref name="Erlanger99" /><ref name=Rees03/>

A concussion can result in changes in [[Affect (psychology)|mood]] including crankiness, loss of interest in favorite activities or items,<ref name=mayoc/> tearfulness,<ref name=sivak/> and displays of emotion that are inappropriate to the situation.<ref name=foundations/> Common symptoms in concussed children include restlessness, lethargy, and irritability.<ref name="Heegaard07">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heegaard W, Biros M | title = Traumatic brain injury | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 655–78, viii | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17826211 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2007.07.001 }}</ref>