Editing Connecting rod (section)

== Origins ==
[[File:Römische Sägemühle.svg|thumb|right|[[Hierapolis sawmill]] schematic]]

A connecting rod crank has been found in the Celtic Oppida at [[Paule]] in Brittany, dated to 69 BC.<ref>[https://patrimoine.lamayenne.fr/jublains/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2016_DP_Exposition_Premieres_villes_gauloises_Jublains.pdf L’exposition « Les Premières Villes de l’ouest », en quelques mots…]</ref>{{Vn|date=March 2025}}

The predecessor to the connecting length is the [[Linkage (mechanical)|mechanical linkage]] used by [[List of Roman watermills|Roman-era watermills]]. An early example of this linkage has been found at the late 3rd century [[Hierapolis sawmill]] in Roman Asia (modern Turkey) and the 6th century saw mills at [[Ephesus]] in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and at [[Gerasa]] in Roman Syria. The [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] and connecting rod mechanism of these machines converted the rotary motion of the waterwheel into the linear movement of the saw blades.<ref name="Ritti, Grewe, Kessener 2007, 161">{{Cite book |last1 = Ritti |first1 = Tullia | last2 = Grewe | first2 = Klaus | last3 = Kessener | first3 = Paul | year = 2007 | title = A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implication | periodical = Journal of Roman Archaeology | volume = 20 |page=161 |quote=Because of the findings at Ephesus and Gerasa the invention of the crank and connecting rod system has had to be redated from the 13th to the 6th c; now the Hierapolis relief takes it back another three centuries, which confirms that water-powered stone saw mills were indeed in use when it change the world of engines. [[Ausonius]] wrote his Mosella.}}</ref>

An early documentation of the design occurred sometime between 1174 and 1206 AD in the [[Artuqids|Artuqid State]] (modern Turkey), when inventor [[Al-Jazari]] described a machine which incorporated the connecting rod with a crankshaft to pump water as part of a water-raising machine,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ahmad Y Hassan |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm |title=The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology |author=Sally Ganchy |author2=Sarah Gancher |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4358-5066-8 |page=41 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc }}</ref> though the device was more complex than typical crank and connecting rod designs.<ref name="White Jr. 1962">{{Cite book | last=White | first=Lynn Jr. | author-link = Lynn Townsend White, Jr. | title = Medieval Technology and Social Change | place = Oxford | year = 1962 | publisher = At the Clarendon Press | quote=However, that al-Jazari did not entirely grasp the meaning of the crank for joining reciprocating with rotary motion is shown by his extraordinarily complex pump powered through a cog-wheel mounted eccentrically on its axle.}}</ref>{{refpage|page=170}} There is also documentation of cranks with connecting rods in the sketch books of [[Taccola]] from [[Renaissance Italy]] and 15th century painter [[Pisanello]].<ref name="White Jr. 1962"/>{{refpage|page=113}}
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