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Constantine's Sword
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==Description== Carroll disclaims the notion that Christian [[anti-Judaism]] leads inevitably to the [[Holocaust]] committed by [[Nazi Germany]], but he argues that Church's long history of "Jew-hatred" laid the foundation for [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] crimes. Carroll also points out the many "turning points," as he labels them, where the Church's attitudes and actions toward Jews could have been shifted. Just one example cited in the book is that of [[Pierre Abelard]] (1079β1142), the French theologian and philosopher, whose teachings, had they been accepted, would have radically changed the direction and cast of [[Christian dogma]]. The book also analyzes, in detail, the actions of numerous popes and other prominent figures of [[History of the Catholic Church|Catholic Church history]], especially those who advocated anti-Jewish policies and those who tried to rein in official antisemitism, including [[St. Augustine]], [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Nicholas of Cusa]], [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]], [[Paul IV]], [[Pius IX]], [[Pius XII]], [[John XXIII]], and [[John Paul II]]. The book's title refers to [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]]'s transformation of the [[Christian cross|cross]], which Carroll claims, was not a symbol used by Christians in the first three centuries of the Church's existence, into a symbolic sword infusing a spirit of violent intolerance into the development of Christianity. A documentary film based on the book was shown at film festivals in August 2007. Although exploring the same themes as the book, the documentary also focuses on events which occurred subsequent to the book's publication, especially the controversy surrounding evangelical proselytizing at the [[United States Air Force Academy]]. The movie was directed by [[Oren Jacoby]], who is also listed as a producer, and written by James Carroll and Oren Jacoby. It was released by the production company, Storyville Films.
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