Editing Consubstantiality (section)

== Theological use ==
The affirmation that Jesus Christ is "consubstantial with the Father" appears in the [[Nicene Creed]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nicene-Creed ''Encyclopædia Britannica'': "Nicene Creed"]</ref> [[Greek language|Greek]] was the language in which the Nicene Creed was originally enunciated. The word used was {{langx|el|ὁμοούσιος}}<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*o%3Aentry+group%3D38%3Aentry%3Do%28moou%2Fsios Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'': ὁμοούσιος]</ref> (''[[homoousios]]'') and means "of the same substance."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of HOMOOUSIAN|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homoousian|access-date=2021-09-06|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=homousian|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/homousian|work=[[The Free Dictionary]]|access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref> This may be contrasted with the term ὁμοιούσιος (''[[homoiousian|homoiousios]]''), meaning "of like substance" and, therefore, not the "same substance," as was proposed, for example, at a later church council (the [[Council of Seleucia]] regarding the [[Arian controversy]]) in the year 359.

The term {{lang|grc|οὐσία}} ([[ousia]]) is an [[Ancient Greek]] noun, formed on the [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] present [[participle]] of the verb {{wikt-lang|grc|εἰμί}}, {{transliteration|frc|eimí}}, meaning "to be, I am", so similar grammatically to the English noun "being". There was no equivalent grammatical formation in [[Latin]], and it was translated as {{lang|la|essentia}} or {{lang|la|substantia}} and then indirectly into English as "essence" or "substance". [[Cicero]] coined {{lang|la|essentia}}<ref>Conte, G.B.: "Latin Literature: a history" (1987) p. 199</ref> and the philosopher [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] and rhetorician [[Quintilian]] used it as equivalent for {{lang|grc|οὐσία}}, while [[Apuleius]] rendered {{lang|grc|οὐσία}} both as {{lang|la|essentia}} or {{lang|la|substantia}}. In order to designate {{lang|la|οὐσία}}, [[early Christian]] theologian [[Tertullian]] favored the use of {{lang|la|substantia}} over {{lang|la|essentia}}, while [[Augustine of Hippo]] and [[Boethius]] took the opposite stance, preferring the use of {{lang|la|essentia}} as designation for {{lang|grc|οὐσία}}.{{sfn|Owens|1951|pp=137–154}}{{sfn|Brown|1996|p=276}}

The word "consubstantial" was used by the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451) to declare that Christ is "consubstantial with the Father in respect of the Godhead, and the same consubstantial with us in respect of the manhood".<ref>David M. Gwynn. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UaNOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 Christianity in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook]''. Bloomsbury Publishing; 20 November 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-4411-3735-7}}. p. 256.</ref>

In contemporary Christian theology, the [[Holy Spirit]] is also described as consubstantial with the [[God the Father|Father]] and [[God the Son|Son]].<ref>Steven D. Cone. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NGFNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417 Theology from the Great Tradition]''. Bloomsbury Publishing; 22 February 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-567-67002-1}}. p. 417.</ref>