Editing Container ship (section)

==History==
[[File:Korean-war-merchant-marine-load.jpg|thumb|Container ships avoid the complex [[stevedore|stevedoring]] of [[break bulk cargo|break-bulk shipping]]]]
[[File:US T2 WW2 tanker Hat Creek.JPG|thumb|The earliest container ships were converted [[T2 tanker]]s in the 1940s after [[World War II]]]]
[[File:Río Saigón, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 21.JPG|thumbnail|Container ship ''Tan Cang 15'' on the [[Saigon River]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam]]
[[File:Container Ship.jpg|thumb|A [[Delmas (shipping company)|Delmas]] container ship unloading at the Zanzibar port in Tanzania]]
[[File:HELGA 2003.jpg|thumb|Container [[feeder ship|feeder]] ''Helga'' arriving at [[Greenock]]]]
[[File:Rhoneborg.jpg|thumb|Open-top containership ''Rhoneborg'' at [[Fremantle]]]]

There are two main types of dry cargo: [[bulk cargo]] and [[break bulk cargo]]. Bulk cargoes, like grain or coal, are transported unpackaged in the hull of the ship, generally in large volume.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA439918&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604203854/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA439918&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |author=Joint Chief of Staff |author-link=Joint Chief of Staff |title=Bulk cargo |date=2005-08-31 |work=Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms |publisher=Department of Defense |location=Washington |page=73 |access-date=2011-02-22 }}</ref> Break-bulk cargoes, in contrast, are transported in packages, and are generally manufactured goods.<ref>From the American Heritage dictionary definition available on-line at {{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/break-bulk|title=Break bulk |author=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2003 |work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=Farlex Inc. |location=Huntingdon Valley, PA |access-date=2011-02-22 }}.</ref>

Before the advent of containerization in the 1950s, break-bulk items required  manual loading, lashing, unlashing and unloading from the ship one piece at a time. This [[stevedoring]] process became more efficient by grouping cargo into containers, {{convert|1000|to|3000|cuft|m3}} of cargo, or up to about {{convert|64000|lb|kg}}, is moved at once and each container is secured to the ship once in a standardized way.<ref>Meurn, 2004, pp. 1–7.</ref> Containerization has increased the efficiency of moving traditional break-bulk cargoes significantly, reducing shipping time by 84% and costs by 35%.<ref>Bohlman, 2001, p. 13.</ref> In 2001, more than 90% of world trade in non-bulk goods was transported in ISO containers.<ref>Bohlman, 2001, p. 15.</ref> In 2009, almost one quarter of the world's dry cargo was shipped by container, an estimated 125 million TEU or 1.19 billion tonnes worth of cargo.<ref name="unctad84">UNCTAD, 2010, p. 84.</ref>

The first ships designed to carry standardized load units were used in the late 18th century in England. In 1766 [[James Brindley]] designed the box boat "Starvationer" with 10 wooden containers, to transport coal from [[Worsley]] Delph to Manchester via the [[Bridgewater Canal]].<ref name="TransportMeans2016" >{{Cite journal | first = Krzysztof | last =  Lewandowski | title = The containers ships, which really was the first? | journal =  Transport Means 2016, Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Conference, October 5–7, 2016, Juodkrante, Lithuania. |  year =  2016 | pages = 668–676 | issn = 1822-296X }}</ref> Before the [[World War II|Second World War]], the first container ships were used to carry the baggage of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris ([[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway's]] [[Golden Arrow (train)|Golden Arrow]] / [[La Flèche d'Or]]). These containers were loaded in London or Paris, and carried to ports of Dover or Calais on flat cars.<ref name="logistica2014a" >{{Cite journal | first = Krzysztof | last =  Lewandowski | title = Czechoslovak activity to prepare European norms for containers before the Second World War | journal =  Acta Logistica | volume =  1 | year =  2014 | issue = 4 | pages = 1–7 | issn = 1339-5629 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270794211| format = PDF | doi =  10.22306/al.v1i4.25 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In February 1931, the first container ship in the world was launched; the ''[[SS Autocarrier|Autocarrier]]'', owned by the Southern Railway. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway.<ref name="TransportMeans2016"/><ref name="S/S AUTOCARRIER"> | url= http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/autocarrier_1931_b_1.htm</ref>

The earliest container ships after the Second World War were converted oil [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]]s, built up from surplus [[T2 tanker]]s after World War II. In 1951, the first purpose-built container vessels began operating in [[Denmark]], and between [[Seattle]] and [[Alaska]]. The first commercially successful container ship was {{SS|Ideal X||2}},<ref>Levinson, 2006, p. 1.</ref> a T2 tanker, owned by [[Malcom McLean]], which carried 58 metal containers between [[Newark, New Jersey]] and [[Houston, Texas]], on its first voyage.<ref name="meurn1-3">Meurn, 2004, pp. 1–3.</ref> In 1955, McLean built his company, McLean Trucking into one of the United States' biggest freighter fleets. In 1955, he purchased the small Pan Atlantic Steamship Company from [[Waterman Steamship]] and adapted its ships to carry cargo in large uniform metal containers.<ref name="cud19">Cudahy, 2004, p. 19.</ref> On April 26, 1956, the first of these rebuilt container vessels, ''Ideal X'', left the [[Port Newark]] in New Jersey and a new revolution in modern shipping resulted.<ref name="cud29">Cudahy, 2004, p. 29.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/history.html | title=History - Port of New York and New Jersey - Port Authority of New York & New Jersey}}</ref>

In the 1950s, a new standardized steel [[Intermodal container]] based on specifications from the [[United States Department of Defense]] began to revolutionize freight transportation.

The [[White Pass & Yukon Route]] railway acquired the world's first purpose built container ship, the ''Clifford J. Rogers'', built in 1955, and introduced containers to its railway in 1956.<ref>{{Citation |title=Intermodal freight transport |date=2024-06-04 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermodal_freight_transport&oldid=1227269695 |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en}}</ref>

[[MV Kooringa|MV ''Kooringa'']] was the world's first fully [[Cellular vessel|cellular]], purpose-built container ship.<ref>{{cite web |title=First purpose-built cellular container ship |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/736407-first-purpose-built-cellular-container-ship |website=Guiness World Records |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> and was built by Australian company Associated Steamships, a partnership formed by the 1964 merger of the [[Adelaide Steamship Company]] with [[McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co]], then commissioned in May 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adelaide Steamship Co. |url=https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/adelaide.shtml |website=TheShipsList.com |publisher=The Ships List |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

Container ships were designed to accommodate intermodal transport of goods,<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Design Of Container Ships |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/understanding-design-of-container-ships/ |website=Marine Insight |access-date=19 April 2024 |date=2019-07-22}}</ref> and eliminated requirements for the individual hatches, holds and other dividers of traditional [[cargo ship]]s. The hull of a typical container ship is similar to an airport hangar, or a huge warehouse, which is divided into individual holding cells, using vertical guide rails. The ship's cells are designed to hold cargo containers, which are typically constructed of steel, though sometimes of aluminum, fiberglass or plywood, and designed for intermodal transfers between ship and [[Rail freight transport|train]], [[truck]] or [[semi-trailer]]. Shipping containers are categorized by type, size and function.<ref>{{cite web |title="Cargo Packaging and unitization" |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/2015/september/transport-facilitation/batch-1/Cargo-Packaging-and-unitization/Chapter%202%20Cargo%20Vessel_ASEAN%20disclaimer.pdf |website=ASEAN.org |publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) |access-date=19 April 2024 |page=9 |date=2014}}</ref>

Today, about 90% of non-[[bulk cargo]] worldwide is transported by container by about 50,000 container ships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping Contributes Heavily to Climate Change. Are Green Ships the Solution? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/business/economy/shipping-climate-change-green-fuel.html |work=New York Times|access-date=19 April 2024 |date=2023-10-30}}</ref> Modern container ships can carry over 24,000 TEU. The largest container ships measure about {{convert|400|m|ft}} in length, and carry loads equal to the cargo-carrying capacity of sixteen to seventeen pre-World War II freighter ships.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olsen |first1=Alexander Arnfinn |title=Merchant Ship Types |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-032-37876-3 |edition=1st |page=Table 2.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4ynEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT73 |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>