Editing Containment (section)

==Earlier uses of term==
Both Americans and Europeans were aware of significant historical antecedents. In the 1850s, anti-slavery forces in the United States developed a [[free soil]] strategy of containment to stop the expansion of slavery until it later collapsed. Historian [[James Oakes (historian)|James Oakes]] explains the strategy:
{{blockquote|The Federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a 'cordon of freedom' around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Oakes|title=Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaVp-YES1F0C&pg=PR12|year=2012|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=12|isbn=9780393065312}}</ref>}}

Between 1873 and 1877, Germany repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of France's neighbors. In Belgium, Spain, and Italy, Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] exerted strong and sustained political pressure to support the election or appointment of liberal, anticlerical governments. That was part of an integrated strategy to promote [[republicanism]] in France by strategically and ideologically isolating the clerical-monarchist regime of President [[Patrice de MacMahon]]. It was hoped that by surrounding France with a number of liberal states, French Republicans could defeat MacMahon and his reactionary supporters. The modern concept of containment provides a useful model for understanding the dynamics of this policy.<ref>James Stone, "Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873–1877," ''Canadian Journal of History'' (1994) 29#2 pp 281–304 [http://utpjournalsreview.com/index.php/CJOH/article/download/10365/9240 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214134224/http://utpjournalsreview.com/index.php/CJOH/article/download/10365/9240 |date=2014-12-14 }}</ref>

After the 1917 [[October Revolution]] in Russia, there were calls by Western leaders to isolate the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] government, which seemed intent on promoting worldwide revolution. In March 1919, French Premier [[Georges Clemenceau]] called for a ''cordon sanitaire'', a ring of non-communist states, to isolate [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]. Translating that phrase, US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] called for a "quarantine."

The World War I allies [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|launched an incursion into Russia]], as after the Bolshevik Revolution, [[Vladimir Lenin]] withdrew the country from the First World War, allowing Germany to reallocate troops to face the Allied forces on the Western Front.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|author=Fic, Victor M|title=The Collapse of American Policy in Russia and Siberia, 1918|year=1995|publisher=Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref> Concurrently, President Wilson became increasingly aware of the [[Human rights in the Soviet Union|human rights violations]] perpetuated by the new [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], and opposed the new regime's [[Religion in the Soviet Union|militant atheism]] and advocacy of a [[Planned economy|command economy]]. He also was concerned that [[Marxism–Leninism]] would spread to the remainder of the Western world, and intended his landmark [[Fourteen Points]] partially to provide [[liberal democracy]] as an alternative worldwide ideology to Communism.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/fourteen_points|title=Fourteen Points {{!}} International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|website=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> Despite reservations, the United States, as a result of the fear of [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] expansion into Russian-held territory and their support for the Allied-aligned [[Czechoslovak Legion|Czech Legion]], [[American Expeditionary Force, North Russia|sent a small number of troops]] to [[Far North (Russia)|Northern Russia]] and [[Siberia]]. The United States also provided indirect aid such as food and supplies to the [[White movement|White Army]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Fourteen-Points|title=Fourteen Points {{!}} Text & Significance|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The incursion was unpopular at home and lacked a cohesive strategy,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=MacMillan|first=Margaret, 1943-|title=Paris 1919 : six months that changed the world|publisher=Random House|others=Holbrooke, Richard|year=2003|isbn=0-375-50826-0|edition=First U.S.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63 63–82]|oclc=49260285|url=https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63}}</ref> leading the allies to ultimately withdraw from Russia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald E. Davis and Eugene P. Trani|title=Distorted Mirrors: Americans and Their Relations with Russia and China in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy6v1j8NfycC&pg=PA48|year=2009|publisher=University of Missouri Press|page=48|isbn=9780826271891}}</ref>

The U.S. initially refused to recognize the Soviet Union, but President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] reversed the policy in 1933 in the hope to expand American export markets.

The [[Munich Agreement]] of 1938 was a failed attempt to contain Nazi expansion in Europe. The U.S. tried to contain Japanese expansion in Asia from 1937 to 1941, and Japan reacted with its [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>Sidney Pash, "Containment, Rollback and the Onset of the Pacific War, 1933–1941" in G. Kurt Piehler and Sidney Pash, eds. ''The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front'' (2010) pp 38–67</ref>

After Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]] in 1941 during [[World War II]], the U.S. and the Soviet Union found themselves [[Allies of World War II|allied]] against Germany and used [[rollback]] to defeat the [[Axis powers]]: Germany, Italy, and Japan.