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Controversies in autism
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== Epidemiology == {{Main|Epidemiology of autism}} The current accepted prevalence of [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) are around 1%,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lai |first1=Meng-Chuan |last2=Lombardo |first2=Michael V |last3=Baron-Cohen |first3=Simon |date=March 2014 |title=Autism |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673613615391 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=383 |issue=9920 |pages=896β910 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61539-1|pmid=24074734 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> although previous research has shown far lower rates of incidence.<ref name="Newschaffer">{{Cite journal |last1=Newschaffer |first1=Craig J. |last2=Croen |first2=Lisa A. |last3=Daniels |first3=Julie |last4=Giarelli |first4=Ellen |last5=Grether |first5=Judith K. |last6=Levy |first6=Susan E. |last7=Mandell |first7=David S. |last8=Miller |first8=Lisa A. |last9=Pinto-Martin |first9=Jennifer |last10=Reaven |first10=Judy |last11=Reynolds |first11=Ann M. |date=1 April 2007 |title=The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=235β258 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 |pmid=17367287 |issn=0163-7525|doi-access=free }}</ref> ASD averages a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio. The number of children diagnosed with the autism spectrum has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased;<ref name="Newschaffer" /> and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out.<ref name=Rutter>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutter M | title = Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 2β15 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15858952 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x | s2cid = 79259285 | author-link = Professor Sir Michael Rutter }}</ref> The risk of autism is associated with several prenatal factors, including advanced parental age and diabetes in the mother during pregnancy.<ref name=Gardener>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL | title = Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 195 | issue = 1 | pages = 7β14 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19567888 | pmc = 3712619 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672 }}</ref> ASD is associated with several [[genetic disorder]]s<ref name=Zafeiriou>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E | title = Childhood autism and associated comorbidities | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 257β72 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17084999 | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003 | s2cid = 16386209 }}</ref> and epilepsy.<ref name=Levisohn>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levisohn PM | title = The autism-epilepsy connection | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 48 | issue = Suppl 9 | pages = 33β5 | date = 2007 | pmid = 18047599 | doi = 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01399.x | s2cid = 25651749 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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