Editing Conveyancing (section)

== Public record ==
In the Roman tradition, private rights to land were enforceable even if secret; this tradition remained to some extent in Europe up through the 19th century, but modern systems no longer allow for such secrecy.<ref name=Titling>Arruñada B. (2011). [http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1177.pdf Property titling and conveyancing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626071112/http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1177.pdf |date=26 June 2010 }}. Chapter 12 in Kenneth Ayotte and Henry E. Smith, eds.,Research Handbook on the Economics of Property Law.</ref>
In many [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries, the real estate transfers are usually supervised by notaries who, after a due diligence verification, execute the deed of sale and send it to the [[Public Register]]s.  The involvement of civil law [[notaries]], qualified legal experts delegated by the State (they must have a University Degree in Law), represents - besides an assistance for the involved parties in the property transfer process - also a gatekeeping for the soundness of the economic system and the protection of vulnerable parties.<ref name=Transfers>European Xtramile Center (2020). [https://ideas.repec.org/p/exs/wpaper/20-079.html Real Property Transfers and Civil Law Notaries: Legal Empowerment is a Key Factor at Global Level, Especially in Developing Economies of Africa, Asia and Latin America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128224629/https://ideas.repec.org/p/exs/wpaper/20-079.html |date=28 January 2021 }}. EXCAS working paper WP/20/079 .</ref>