Editing Cooper's hawk (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Accipiter cooperii DM.ogv|thumb|Video: ''Astur cooperii'']]{{Self-contradictory|section|Updating taxonomy|about=Taxonomy|date=May 2025}}
Cooper's hawk was [[species description|formally described]] by the French naturalist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] in 1828 from a specimen collected near [[Bordentown, New Jersey|Bordentown]], New Jersey. He coined the [[binomial name]] ''Falco cooperii''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Bonaparte | first=Charles Lucien | author-link=Charles Lucien Bonaparte | year=1828 | title=American Ornithology; or, The Natural History of Birds Inhabiting the United States, Not Given By Wilson | location=Philadelphia | publisher=Carey, Lea & Carey | volume=2 | pages=1–11, Plate 10 fig 1 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58173868 }}</ref> The specific epithet and the common name were chosen to honour the naturalist [[William Cooper (conchologist)|William Cooper]], one of the founders of the New York Lyceum of Natural History (later the [[New York Academy of Sciences]]) in New York City.<ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=cooperii | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=cooperii | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=24 May 2025 }}</ref> Other common names include the big blue darter and the [[Chickenhawk (bird)|chicken hawk]].<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last=Thiollay | first=J.M. | year=1994 | chapter=Family Accipitridae (Hawks and Eagles) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-15-3 | pages=52-205 [161] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0002unse/page/161/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> Cooper's hawk was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Accipiter]]''. In 2024 a comprehensive [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus was [[polyphyletic]].<ref name=catanach>{{Cite journal | last1=Catanach | first1=T.A. | last2=Halley | first2=M.R. | last3=Pirro | first3=S. | date=2024 | title=Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus ''Accipiter'' (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) | journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | pages=blae028 | doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1=Mindell | first1=D. | last2=Fuchs | first2=J. | last3=Johnson | first3=J. | date=2018 | chapter=Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes | editor1-last=Sarasola | editor1-first=J.H. | editor2-last=Grange | editor2-first=J.M. | editor3-last=Negro | editor3-first=J.J. | title=Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century | location=Cham, Switzerland | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-319-73744-7 | pages=3-32 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326086278 }}</ref> To resolve the non-[[monophyletic|monophyly]], ''Accipiter'' was divided into six genera. The genus ''[[Astur (bird)|Astur]]'' had been introduced in 1828 by the French naturalist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] with the [[Eurasian goshawk]] later designated as the [[type species]]. The genus was resurrected to accommodate Cooper's hawk together with 8 other species that had previously been placed in ''Accipiter''.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=24 May 2025 }}</ref> Cooper's hawk is [[sister group|sister]] to [[Gundlach's hawk]] (''Astur gundlachi'') that is endemic to Cuba and together these two species are sister to the [[bicolored hawk]] (''Astur bicolor'') that is widely distributed from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.<ref name=catanach/><ref name=ioc/>

It appears that Cooper's hawk was the earliest ''Accipiter'' to colonize North America with a well-defined fossil record dating back perhaps 0.5-1&nbsp;million years. Fossil evidence shows then that the goshawk came second and, despite the considerably wider range of the sharp-shinned hawk compared to the other two species, the [[Eurasian sparrowhawk|ancestors]] of the sharp-shinned hawk came over the [[Bering Land Bridge]] last.<ref name="Palmer" /><ref name="Kenward">{{cite book |last1=Kenward |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tGnSRa0S6sC&pg=PA274 |title=The Goshawk |publisher=T & A D Poyser |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7136-6565-9 |location=London, UK |page=274}}</ref><ref>Brodkorb, P. (1964). Catalogue of fossil birds: Part 2 (Anseriformes through Galliformes).</ref><ref>Emslie, S. D., Speth, J. D., & Wiseman, R. N. (1992). ''Two prehistoric puebloan avifaunas from the Pecos Valley, southeastern New Mexico''. Journal of Ethnobiology, 12(1), 83–115.</ref> Genetic testing has indicated that Cooper's hawk is quite closely related to the northern goshawk, with the similar superficial characteristics of Cooper's to the sharp-shinned hawk, a close relative of the [[Old World]] [[Eurasian sparrowhawk|sparrowhawk]], apparently obtained through [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="Kenward" /><ref name="Newton">Newton, I. (2010). ''The sparrowhawk''. A&C Black.</ref> A natural hybrid of a Cooper's hawk and a northern goshawk with intermediate physical characteristics was verified via genetic testing of a migrant juvenile in [[Cape May]] and was thought to indicate a northward expansion of Cooper's range into historic goshawk haunts.<ref>Haughey, C. L., Nelson, A., Napier, P., Rosenfield, R. N., Sonsthagen, S. A., & Talbot, S. L. (2019). ''Genetic confirmation of a natural hybrid between a Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and a Cooper's Hawk (A. cooperii)''. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology.</ref>

No [[subspecies]] are recognized of Cooper's hawk.<ref name=ioc/> A previously described subspecies, ''A. c. mexicanus'', was discounted due to being weakly differentiated.<ref name= Palmer/><ref name= BOW/><ref>Hellmayr, C. E., & Conover, B. (1949). ''Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands. Vol. 13, Part I, No. 4: Cathartidae-Acciptridae-Pandionidae-Falconidae''. Chicago: Zool. Series, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.)</ref> However, evidence based on genetic markers shows that westerly birds such those in British Columbia populations are genetically differentiated from those in the [[Upper Midwest]], indicating that Cooper's hawk were restricted to at least two [[Pleistocene]] [[Glacier|glacial refugia]] with the [[Rocky mountains]] acting as a natural barrier to gene flow between hawks on either side while breeding.<ref>Sonsthagen, S. A., Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Murphy, R. K., Stewart, A. C., Stout, W. E., & Talbot, S. L. (2012). ''Genetic and morphological divergence among Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) populations breeding in north-central and western North America''. The Auk, 129(3), 427–437.</ref> Several of the other similar largish ''Accipiter'' species in the Americas appear to be closely related, possibly within a [[species complex]], to Cooper's hawk, namely the [[bicolored hawk]], widespread through [[Central America|Central]] and South America, and the [[Chilean hawk]] (''Accipiter chilensis'').<ref name= BOW/><ref name="Lerner">Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). ''Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA''. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(2), 327–346.</ref><ref name= Breman>Breman, F. C., Jordaens, K., Sonet, G., Nagy, Z. T., Van Houdt, J., & Louette, M. (2013). ''DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives''. Journal of Ornithology, 154(1), 265–287.</ref><ref>Stresemann, E., & Amadon, D. (1979). ''Order Falconiformes''. In ''Check-list of the Birds of the World'' (E. Mayr and G. W. Cottrell, Editors. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA. pp. 271–425.</ref> While there is some degree of obvious differentiation from these species in appearance, distribution and behavior,<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> more nebulous is the relationship of Cooper's hawk to the very similar [[Gundlach's hawk]] of [[Cuba]]. In general the relationship of Cooper's and Gundlach's hawk is muddled and genetic testing indicated that it is possible (but not certain) that Gundlach's may be insufficiently distinct to qualify as a separate species.<ref name= Rodriguez-Santana/><ref name= Breman/><ref name= Reynard>Reynard, G. B., Short, L. L., Garrido, O. H., & Alayón, G. G. (1987). ''Nesting, Voice, Status, and Relationships of the Endemic Cuban Gundlach's Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi)''. The Wilson Bulletin, 73–77.</ref> It is almost certain that Cooper's hawk would at least qualify as the [[paraspecies]] for the Gundlach's and data has indicated fairly recent colonization and hybridization between the two hawks.<ref name= Rodriguez-Santana/><ref name= Breman/><ref name= Reynard/>