Editing Coping (section)

==Theories of coping==
Hundreds of coping strategies have been proposed in an attempt to understand how people cope.<ref name="Carver"/> Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not been agreed upon. Researchers try to group coping responses rationally, empirically by factor analysis, or through a blend of both techniques.{{sfn|Folkman|Moskowitz|2004|p=751}} In the early days, [[Susan Folkman|Folkman]] and [[Richard Lazarus|Lazarus]] split the coping strategies into four groups, namely problem-focused, emotion-focused, support-seeking, and meaning-making coping.{{sfn|Folkman|Moskowitz|2004}}{{sfn|Harrington|2013|p=303}} Weiten and  Lloyd have identified four types of coping strategies:<ref name="Weiten">Weiten, W. & Lloyd, M.A. (2008) ''Psychology Applied to Modern Life (9th ed.)''. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. {{ISBN|0-495-55339-5}}.{{page needed|date=November 2013}}</ref> appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), emotion-focused, and occupation-focused coping. Billings and Moos added avoidance coping as one of the emotion-focused coping.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Billings |first1=Andrew G. |last2=Moos |first2=Rudolf H. |title=The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events |journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine |date=June 1981 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=139–157 |doi=10.1007/BF00844267 |pmid=7321033 |s2cid=206785490 }}</ref> Some scholars have questioned the psychometric validity of forced categorization as those strategies are not independent to each other.{{sfn|Folkman|Moskowitz|2004|p=753}} Besides, in reality, people can adopt multiple coping strategies simultaneously.

Typically, people use a mixture of several functions of coping strategies,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazarus |first1=Richard S. |last2=Folkman |first2=Susan |date=September 1987 |title=Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1002/per.2410010304 |journal=European Journal of Personality |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=141–169 |doi=10.1002/per.2410010304 |issn=0890-2070|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which may change over time. All these strategies can prove useful, but some claim that those using problem-focused coping strategies will adjust better to [[personal life|life]].<ref name="Taylor2006">Taylor, S.E. (2006). ''Health Psychology, international edition''. McGraw-Hill Education, p. 193.</ref> Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping).

Lazarus "notes the connection between his idea of 'defensive reappraisals' or cognitive coping and [[Sigmund Freud]]'s concept of 'ego-defenses{{'"}},<ref name="Robinson 2005 p438"/> coping strategies thus overlapping with a person's [[defense mechanisms]].

===Appraisal-focused coping strategies===
Appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive) strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing [[denial]], or distancing oneself from the problem. Individuals who use appraisal coping strategies purposely alter their perspective on their situation in order to have a more positive outlook on their situation.<ref name="Patients' experiences of coping wit">{{cite journal |last1=Senanayake |first1=Sameera |last2=Harrison |first2=Kim |last3=Lewis |first3=Michael |last4=McNarry |first4=Melitta |last5=Hudson |first5=Joanne |title=Patients' experiences of coping with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and their recommendations for its clinical management |journal=PLOS ONE |date=23 May 2018 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=e0197660 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0197660 |pmid=29791487 |pmc=5965862 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1397660S |doi-access=free }}</ref> An example of appraisal coping strategies could be individuals purchasing tickets to a football game, knowing their medical condition would likely cause them to not be able to attend.<ref name="Patients' experiences of coping wit"/> People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their [[Objective (goal)|goals]] and [[values]], such as by seeing the [[humor]] in a situation: "Some have suggested that humor may play a greater role as a stress moderator among women than men".<ref>J. Worell (2001). ''Encyclopedia of Women and Gender'' Vol. I, p. 603</ref>

===Adaptive behavioral coping strategies===
The [[Psychology|psychological]] coping mechanisms are commonly termed ''coping strategies'' or ''coping skills''. The term ''coping'' generally refers to adaptive (constructive) coping strategies, that is, strategies which reduce stress. In contrast, other coping strategies may be coined as maladaptive, if they increase stress. Maladaptive coping is therefore also described, based on its outcome, as non-coping. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to ''reactive coping'', i.e. the coping response which follows the [[stressor]]. This differs from ''proactive coping'', in which a coping response aims to neutralize a future stressor. Subconscious or unconscious strategies (e.g. [[defence mechanism|defense mechanisms]]) are generally excluded from the area of coping.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baqutayan |first=Shadiya Mohamed Saleh |date=2015-03-01 |title=Stress and Coping Mechanisms: A Historical Overview |url=https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479 |journal=Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences |doi=10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479 |issn=2039-9340}}</ref>

The effectiveness of the coping effort depends on the type of stress, the individual, and the circumstances. Coping responses are partly controlled by [[personality]] (habitual traits), but also partly by the [[social environment]], particularly the nature of the stressful environment.<ref name="Carver">{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352 |title=Personality and Coping |year=2010 |last1=Carver |first1=Charles S. |last2=Connor-Smith |first2=Jennifer |journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]] |volume=61 |pages=679–704 |pmid=19572784|s2cid=6351970 |doi-access=free }}</ref> People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. They do this by finding out [[information]] on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating the source of the stress. The three problem-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus are: taking control, information seeking, and evaluating the pros and cons. However, problem-focused coping may not be necessarily adaptive, but backfire, especially in the uncontrollable case that one cannot make the problem go away.{{sfn|Harrington|2013|p=303}}

===Emotion-focused coping strategies===
Emotion-focused strategies involve:
* releasing pent-up emotions
* distracting oneself{{sfn|Folkman|Moskowitz|2004|p=751}}
* managing hostile feelings
* [[meditating]]
* mindfulness practices<ref>{{Citation|last1=Bhojani|first1=Zahra|title=Sustainable Happiness, Well-Being, and Mindfulness in the Workplace|date=2020|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being|pages=1–25|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-02470-3|last2=Kurucz|first2=Elizabeth C.|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-02470-3_52-1|s2cid=216344603}}</ref>
* using systematic relaxation procedures.
* situational exposure
Emotion-focused coping "is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress".<ref name="Brannon & Feist 2009 pp121-3">{{cite book |last1=Brannon |first1=Linda |last2=Feist |first2=Jess |chapter=Personal Coping Strategies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfCDR_Yl7f0C&pg=PA121 |pages=121–23 |title=Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health: An Introduction to Behavior and Health |edition=7th |year=2009 |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-60132-6}}</ref> The five emotion-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus<ref name="Robinson 2005 p438">{{cite book |first=Jenefer |last=Robinson |title=Deeper Than Reason: Emotion and Its Role in Literature, Music, and Art |year=2005 |page=438 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-926365-3}}</ref> are:
* disclaiming
* escape-avoidance
* accepting responsibility or blame
* exercising self-control
* and positive reappraisal.
Emotion-focused coping is a mechanism to alleviate distress by minimizing, reducing, or preventing, the emotional components of a stressor.<ref name="Carver, C. S. 2011">{{cite book |last1=Carver |first1=Charles S. |chapter=Coping |pages=221–229 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXVlk8pnEKIC&pg=PA221 |editor1-last=Contrada |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Baum |editor2-first=Andrew |title=The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-8261-1771-7 }}</ref> This mechanism can be applied through a variety of ways, such as:
* seeking social support
* reappraising the stressor in a positive light
* accepting responsibility
* using avoidance
* exercising self-control
* distancing<ref name="Carver, C. S. 2011"/><ref name="Folkman & Lazarus 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Folkman |first1=Susan |last2=Lazarus |first2=Richard S. |title=Coping as a mediator of emotion. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |date=March 1988 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=466–475 |pmid=3361419 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.466 }}</ref> 
The focus of this coping mechanism is to change the meaning of the stressor or transfer attention away from it.<ref name="Folkman & Lazarus 1988"/> For example, reappraising tries to find a more positive meaning of the cause of the stress in order to reduce the emotional component of the stressor. Avoidance of the emotional distress will distract from the negative feelings associated with the stressor. Emotion-focused coping is well suited for stressors that seem uncontrollable (ex. a terminal illness diagnosis, or the loss of a loved one).<ref name="Carver, C. S. 2011"/> Some mechanisms of emotion focused coping, such as distancing or avoidance, can have alleviating outcomes for a short period of time, however they can be detrimental when used over an extended period. Positive emotion-focused mechanisms, such as seeking social support, and positive re-appraisal, are associated with beneficial outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ben-Zur |first1=H. |year=2009 |title=Coping styles and affect |journal=International Journal of Stress Management |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.1037/a0015731}}</ref> [[Emotional approach coping]] is one form of emotion-focused coping in which emotional expression and processing is used to adaptively manage a response to a stressor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology |last1=Stanton |first1=A. L. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-986216-0 |location=New York |pages=16–17 |first2=A. |last2=Parsa |last3=Austenfeld |first3=J. L. |editor-first=C. R. |editor-last=Snyder |editor-first2=S. J. |editor-last2=Lopez}}</ref> Other examples include relaxation training through deep breathing, meditation, yoga, music and art therapy, and aromatherapy.<ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/relaxation-technique/art-20045368 Relaxation techniques: Try these steps to reduce stress]. (2017). Mayo Clinic.</ref>

===Health theory of coping===
The health theory of coping overcame the limitations of previous theories of coping,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skinner |first1=Ellen A. |last2=Edge |first2=Kathleen |last3=Altman |first3=Jeffrey |last4=Sherwood |first4=Hayley |title=Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |date=March 2003 |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=216–269 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216 |pmid=12696840 }}</ref> describing coping strategies within categories that are conceptually clear, mutually exclusive, comprehensive, functionally homogenous, functionally distinct, generative and flexible, explains the continuum of coping strategies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stallman|first1=Helen M.|author-link=Helen Stallman|date=1 August 2020|title=Health Theory of Coping|journal=Australian Psychologist|volume=55|issue=4|pages=295–306|doi=10.1111/ap.12465|s2cid=218965260}}</ref> The usefulness of all coping strategies to reduce acute distress is acknowledged, however, strategies are categorized as healthy or unhealthy depending on their likelihood of additional adverse consequences. Healthy categories are self-soothing, relaxation/distraction, social support and professional support. Unhealthy coping categories are negative self-talk, harmful activities (e.g., emotional eating, verbal or physical aggression, drugs such as alcohol, self-harm), social withdrawal, and suicidality. Unhealthy coping strategies are used when healthy coping strategies are overwhelmed, not in the absence of healthy coping strategies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stallman |first1=Helen M |last2=Beaudequin |first2=Denise |last3=Hermens |first3=Daniel F |last4=Eisenberg |first4=Daniel |title=Modelling the relationship between healthy and unhealthy coping strategies to understand overwhelming distress: A Bayesian network approach |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders Reports |date=January 2021 |volume=3 |pages=100054 |doi=10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100054 |s2cid=230542058 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Research has shown that everyone has personal healthy coping strategies (self-soothing, relaxation/distraction), however, access to social and professional support varies. Increasing distress and inadequate support results in the additional use of unhealthy coping strategies.<ref name="Modelling">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100054 | title=Modelling the relationship between healthy and unhealthy coping strategies to understand overwhelming distress: A Bayesian network approach | year=2021 | last1=Stallman | first1=Helen M. | last2=Beaudequin | first2=Denise | last3=Hermens | first3=Daniel F. | last4=Eisenberg | first4=Daniel | journal=Journal of Affective Disorders Reports | volume=3 | page=100054 | s2cid=230542058 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Overwhelming distress exceeds the capacity of healthy coping strategies and results in the use of unhealthy coping strategies. Overwhelming distress is caused by problems in one or more biopsychosocial domains of health and wellbeing.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30528-0 | title=Suicide following hospitalisation: Systemic treatment failure needs to be the focus rather than risk factors | year=2020 | last1=Stallman | first1=Helen M. | journal=The Lancet Psychiatry | volume=7 | issue=4 | page=303 | pmid=32199498 | s2cid=214617872 }}</ref> The continuum of coping strategies (healthy to unhealthy, independent to social, and low harm to high harm) have been explored in general populations,<ref name="Modelling"/> university students,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/07448481.2020.1789149 | title=How do university students cope? An exploration of the health theory of coping in a US sample | year=2022 | last1=Stallman | first1=Helen M. | last2=Lipson | first2=Sarah K. | last3=Zhou | first3=Sasha | last4=Eisenberg | first4=Daniel | journal=Journal of American College Health | volume=70 | issue=4 | pages=1179–1185 | pmid=32672507 | s2cid=220585296 | url=https://psyarxiv.com/apmdn/ }}</ref> and paramedics.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.auec.2022.04.001 | title=How do paramedics and student paramedics cope? A cross-sectional study | year=2022 | last1=Dodd | first1=Natalie | last2=Warren-James | first2=Matthew | last3=Stallman | first3=Helen M. | journal=Australasian Emergency Care | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=321–326 | pmid=35525725 | s2cid=248560858 }}</ref> New evidence propose a more comprehensive view of a continuum iterative transformative process of developing coping competence among palliative care professionals<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arantzamendi |first=María |title=How palliative care professionals develop coping competence through their career: A grounded theory. |journal=Palliative Medicine|date=2024 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=284–296 |doi=10.1177/02692163241229961 |pmid=38380528 |pmc=10955801 }}</ref>

=== Reactive and proactive coping===
Most coping is reactive in that the coping response follows stressors. Anticipating and reacting to a future stressor is known as ''proactive coping'' or future-oriented coping.<ref name="Brannon & Feist 2009 pp121-3"/> [[Anticipation (emotion)|Anticipation]] is when one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it.

=== Social coping ===
''Social coping'' recognises that individuals are bedded within a social environment, which can be stressful, but also is the source of coping resources, such as seeking [[social support]] from others.<ref name="Brannon & Feist 2009 pp121-3"/> (see [[help-seeking]])

=== Humor ===
Humor used as a positive coping method may have useful benefits to emotional and mental health well-being. However, maladaptive humor styles such as self-defeating humor can also have negative effects on psychological adjustment and might exacerbate negative effects of other stressors.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Burger |first=C. | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | title=Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses | volume=19 | issue=18 | pages=11415 | date= 2022 | issn=1661-7827 | doi=10.3390/ijerph191811415| pmid=36141686 | pmc=9517355 | doi-access=free }}</ref> By having a humorous outlook on life, stressful experiences can be and are often minimized. This coping method corresponds with positive emotional states and is known to be an indicator of mental health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Rod A. |title=Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings |journal=Psychological Bulletin |date=2001 |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=504–519 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.504 |pmid=11439709 }}</ref> Physiological processes are also influenced within the exercise of humor. For example, laughing may reduce muscle tension, increase the flow of oxygen to the blood, exercise the cardiovascular region, and produce endorphins in the body.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=Qudsia |last2=Khan |first2=Naima Aslam |title=Relationship of Sense of Humor and Mental Health: A Correlational Study |journal=Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities |date=2013 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=331–37 |url=http://www.ajssh.leena-luna.co.jp/AJSSHPDFs/Vol.2(1)/AJSSH2013(2.1-36).pdf |id={{NAID|40019626024}} |citeseerx=10.1.1.1075.1379 }}</ref> 

Using humor in coping while processing feelings can vary depending on life circumstance and individual humor styles. In regards to grief and loss in life occurrences, it has been found that genuine laughs/smiles when speaking about the loss predicted later adjustment and evoked more positive responses from other people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonanno |first1= George |last2=Keltner |first2=Dacher |title= Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement. |journal= Journal of Abnormal Psychology |date=1997 |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages= 126–137 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.126|pmid= 9103724 }}</ref> A person might also find comedic relief with others around irrational possible outcomes for the deceased funeral service. It is also possible that humor would be used by people to feel a sense of control over a more powerless situation and used as way to temporarily escape a feeling of helplessness. Exercised humor can be a sign of positive adjustment as well as drawing support and interaction from others around the loss.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Booth-Butterfield|first1=Melanie|last2=Wanzer|first2=Melissa Bekelja|last3=Krezmien|first3=Elyse|last4=Weil|first4=Nancy|title=Communication of humor during bereavement: Intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion management strategies|journal=Communication Quarterly|date=2014|volume=62|issue=4|pages=436–54|doi=10.1080/01463373.2014.922487|s2cid=143017066}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Negative}}Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)===

Whereas adaptive coping strategies improve functioning, a [[maladaptive]] coping technique (also termed non-coping) will just reduce symptoms while maintaining or strengthening the stressor. Maladaptive techniques are only effective as a short-term rather than long-term coping process.

Examples of maladaptive behavior strategies include [[avoidance coping|anxious avoidance]], [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], [[escapism|escape]] (including [[self-medication]]), use of [[humor styles|maladaptive humor styles]] such as [[Humor styles#Self-defeating humor|self-defeating humor]], [[procrastination]], [[rationalization (psychology)|rationalization]], [[safety behaviors (anxiety)|safety behaviors]], and [[sensitization]]. These coping strategies interfere with the person's ability to unlearn, or break apart, the paired association between the situation and the associated [[anxiety]] symptoms. These are maladaptive strategies as they serve to maintain the disorder.

* Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means. This is the most common method.
* Dissociation is the ability of the mind to separate and compartmentalize thoughts, memories, and emotions. This is often associated with [[post traumatic stress syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Md. Akhir |first1=Noremy |last2=Parveen Mubarak |first2=Niseetha |last3=Mohamad |first3=Mohd Suhaimi |last4=Mohamad Aun |first4=Nur Saadah |date=2024 |title=The Coping Mechanism by School Children in Response to The Psychosocial Impact of Flood Disaster: Case Study at Ernakulam, Kerala India |url=https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2024.2103.44 |journal=E-Bangi Journal of Social Science and Humanities |volume=21 |issue=3 |doi=10.17576/ebangi.2024.2103.44 |issn=1823-884X}}</ref>
* Escape is closely related to avoidance. This technique is often demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have phobias. These people want to flee the situation at the first sign of anxiety.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jacofsky|first=Matthew|title=The Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders: Maladaptive Coping Strategies|url=http://www.seabhs.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=38479|access-date=25 July 2011|archive-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328041653/http://www.seabhs.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=38479|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The use of self-defeating humor means that a person disparages themselves in order to entertain others. This type of humor has been shown to lead to negative psychological adjustment and exacerbate the effect of existing stressors.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Burger |first=C. | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | title=Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses | volume=19 | issue=18 | pages=11415 | date= 2022 | issn=1661-7827 | doi=10.3390/ijerph191811415| pmid=36141686 | pmc=9517355 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Procrastination is when a person willingly delays a task in order to receive a temporary relief from stress. While this may work for short-term relief, when used as a coping mechanism, procrastination causes more issues in the long run.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sirois |first1=Fuschia M. |last2=Kitner |first2=Ryan |date=July 2015 |title=Less Adaptive or More Maladaptive? A Meta–analytic Investigation of Procrastination and Coping |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1985 |journal=European Journal of Personality |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=433–444 |doi=10.1002/per.1985 |s2cid=55889911 |issn=0890-2070}}</ref>
* Rationalization is the practice of attempting to use reasoning to minimize the severity of an incident, or avoid approaching it in ways that could cause [[psychological trauma]] or stress. It most commonly manifests in the form of making excuses for the behavior of the person engaging in the rationalization, or others involved in the situation the person is attempting to rationalize.
* Sensitization is when a person seeks to learn about, rehearse, and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent these events from occurring in the first place.
* Safety behaviors are demonstrated when individuals with anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a means of coping with their excessive anxiety.
* Overthinking
* Emotion suppression
* Emotion-driven behavior

===Further examples===
Further examples of coping strategies include<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10615806.2011.562977 |title=Perfectionism and coping with daily failures: Positive reframing helps achieve satisfaction at the end of the day |year=2011 |last1=Stoeber |first1=Joachim |last2=Janssen |first2=Dirk P. |journal=Anxiety, Stress & Coping |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=477–97 |pmid=21424944|s2cid=11392968 |url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/26326/1/Stoeber%20Janssen%20%282011%29%20ASC.pdf }}</ref> emotional or instrumental support, self-distraction, [[denial]], [[substance misuse|substance use]], [[self-blame]], behavioral disengagement and the use of drugs or alcohol.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Albertus |first1=Sargent |title=Basic Coping Strategies For Stress |url=http://www.stress-treatment-21.com/coping-strategies-for-stress |website=Stress Treatment |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612175228/http://www.stress-treatment-21.com/coping-strategies-for-stress |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many people think that [[meditation]] "not only calms our emotions, but...makes us feel more 'together{{'"}}, as too can "the kind of prayer in which you're trying to achieve an inner quietness and peace".<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robin |last1=Skynner |first2=John |last2=Cleese |title=Life and How to Survive It |location=London |year=1994 |page=355 |isbn=978-0-7493-1108-7}}</ref>

Low-effort syndrome or low-effort coping refers to the coping responses of a person refusing to work hard. For example, a student at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe if they put in effort it could unveil their flaws.<ref name="Ogbu">{{cite journal |last1=Ogbu |first1=John U. |year=1991 |title=Minority coping responses and school experience |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=433–456 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/1631160c2beec20afe357f3cfb380e5e/1 }}</ref>