Editing Coregonus (section)

== Taxonomy ==
Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of the genus is the highly endangered [[Atlantic whitefish]] (''C. huntsmani''), which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to a single river basin in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]. The Atlantic whitefish is thought to have diverged from the rest of the genus during the mid-[[Miocene]], about 15 million years ago.<ref name="Whitelaw_2015">{{cite book | vauthors = Whitelaw J  | date = 2015 |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/980875338 |title=Atlantic whitefish (Coregonus huntsmani) culture handbook | publisher = Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Maritimes Region | location = Dartmouth, Nova Scotia |isbn=978-0-660-02539-1 |oclc=980875338}}</ref><ref name="Crête-Lafrenière_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Crête-Lafrenière A, Weir LK, Bernatchez L | title = Framing the Salmonidae family phylogenetic portrait: a more complete picture from increased taxon sampling | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = e46662 | date = 2012-10-05 | pmid = 23071608 | pmc = 3465342 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0046662 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...746662C | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The genus was previously subdivided into two subgenera ''Coregonus'' ("true whitefishes") and ''Leucichthys'' ("[[ciscoes]]"), ''Coregonus'' comprising taxa with sub-terminal mouth and usually a benthic feeding habit, ''Leucichthys'' those with terminal or supra-terminal mouth and usually a pelagic plankton-feeding habit. This classification is not natural however: based on [[molecular systematics|molecular data]], ciscoes comprise two distinct lineages within the genus. Moreover, the genus ''[[Stenodus]]'' is not phylogenetically distinct from ''Coregonus''; although ''Stenodus'' occupies a basal position within the genus, phylogenetic evidence indicates that ''C.  huntsmani'' is even more basal than it.<ref name="Crête-Lafrenière_2012" /><ref name="Bernatchez_1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernatchez L, Colombani F, Dodson JJ | title = Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis. | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | date = December 1991 | volume = 39 | pages = 283–290 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb05091.x | bibcode = 1991JFBio..39S.283B | url = http://www.bio.ulaval.ca/labdodson/Papers%20Julian/Bernatchez_1991_JFB.pdf }}</ref>

The scientific name given to this genus of fish comes from the Greek [[wikt:κόρη|κόρη]] (''kórē'') "daughter ; eye pupil" and [[wikt:γωνία|γωνία]] (''gōnía'') "angle",<ref>{{cite web |url= https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/48246 |title= Coregonus nilssoni Valenciennes, 1848 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= FishBase |publisher= |access-date= 17 August 2024 |quote=}}</ref> because their [[pupil]] makes an angle, even though they share this feature with a large number of other fish.

=== Species diversity ===
There is much uncertainty and confusion in the classification of the many species of this genus. Particularly, one extreme view of diversity recognises just two main species in Northern and Central Europe, the [[common whitefish]] ''C. lavaretus'' and the [[Coregonus albula|vendace]] ''C. albula'', whereas others would divide these into numerous, often narrowly distributed species. A drastic increase in number of recognized species occurred in 2007, when a review advocated that more than 50 local European populations should be considered as distinct based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] differences.<ref name="Kottelat_2007">{{cite book | vauthors = Kottelat M, Freyhof J |title=Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes |date=2007 |publisher=Publications Kottelat |location=Cornol, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8399-0298-4}}</ref> It has been estimated that several of them are very young, having separated from each other less than 15,000 years ago.<ref name="Hudson_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hudson AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen B, Lucek K, Vonlanthen P, Seehausen O | title = Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (''Coregonus'' spp.) | journal = Evolutionary Applications | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–266 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28250810 | pmc = 5322408 | doi = 10.1111/eva.12446 | bibcode = 2017EvApp..10..251H }}</ref> Many of these were primarily defined based on number of [[gill raker]]s. Although this largely is [[hereditary]], the number is highly variable (even within single populations and species), can change relatively fast in response to changes and [[Genetics|genetic]] studies have shown that they often are of limited use in predicting relationships among populations (a large difference in gill raker number does not necessarily equal a distant relationship).<ref name="Ostbye_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Østbye K, Bernatchez L, Naesje TF, Himberg KJ, Hindar K | title = Evolutionary history of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex as inferred from mtDNA phylogeography and gill-raker numbers | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 14 | issue = 14 | pages = 4371–4387 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16313599 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02737.x | bibcode = 2005MolEc..14.4371O | s2cid = 21487510 }}</ref><ref name="Jacobsen_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobsen MW, Hansen MM, Orlando L, Bekkevold D, Bernatchez L, Willerslev E, Gilbert MT | title = Mitogenome sequencing reveals shallow evolutionary histories and recent divergence time between morphologically and ecologically distinct European whitefish (Coregonus spp.) | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2727–2742 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22509795 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05561.x | bibcode = 2012MolEc..21.2727J | s2cid = 4499697 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozerov MY, Himberg M, Aykanat T, Sendek DS, Hägerstrand H, Verliin A, Krause T, Olsson J, Primmer CR, Vasemägi A | display-authors = 6 | title = Generation of a neutral FST baseline for testing local adaptation on gill raker number within and between European whitefish ecotypes in the Baltic Sea basin | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 1170–1183 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25877003 | doi = 10.1111/jeb.12645 | s2cid = 13189069 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Genetic differences between several of the recently proposed species, even ones that are relatively distinct morphologically, are very limited and sometimes they are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="Ostbye_2005" /><ref name="Jacobsen_2012" /> Various ''Coregonus'', whether regarded as separate species or not, readily interbreed with each other.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife | orig-date = 2011 | date = 2017 | url = https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/highrisk/Coregonus-maraena-ERSS-FINAL-Sept-2017.pdf | title = Maraena Whitefish (Coregonus maraena). | access-date = 12 April 2018 }}</ref> A review of whitefish in the United Kingdom found that the [[identification key]] provided in 2007 did not match most individuals and that solid evidence for more than one species in that region is lacking.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Etheridge EC, Adams CE, Bean CW, Durie NC, Gowans AR, Harrod C, Lyle AA, Maitland PS, Winfield IJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Are phenotypic traits useful for differentiating among a priori Coregonus taxa? | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 387–407 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22268437 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03189.x | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012JFBio..80..387E }}</ref>

Many European lakes have more than one ''Coregonus'' [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] differing in ecology and morphology (especially gill rakers).<ref name="Bhat_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhat S, Amundsen PA, Knudsen R, Gjelland KØ, Fevolden SE, Bernatchez L, Præbel K | title = Speciation reversal in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) caused by competitor invasion | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = e91208 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24626131 | pmc = 3953381 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0091208 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...991208B | doi-access = free }}</ref> Such morphs are sometimes partially [[Reproductive isolation|reproductively isolated]] from each other, leading to suggestions of recognizing them as separate but [[Cline (biology)|clinal]] species.<ref name="Hudson_2016" /> The morphs or clinal species may rapidly disappear (in 15 years or less, equalling three ''Coregonus'' [[Biological life cycle|generations]]) by merging into a single in response to changes in the habitat.<ref name="Bhat_2014" /> A similar pattern can be seen in North America where the [[ciscoes]] of the ''[[Coregonus artedi]]'' [[Species complex|complex]] in the [[Great Lakes]] and elsewhere comprise several, often co-occurring morphs or ecotypes, whose taxonomic status remains controversial.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turgeon J, Estoup A, Bernatchez L | title = Species Flock in the North American Great Lakes: Molecular Ecology of Lake Nipigon Ciscoes (Teleostei: Coregonidae: Coregonus). | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 1857–1871 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 28565465 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04568.x | s2cid = 12144534 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turgeon J, Bernatchez L | title = Reticulate evolution and phenotypic diversity in North American ciscoes, Coregonus ssp.(Teleostei: Salmonidae): implications for the conservation of an evolutionary legacy. | journal = Conservation Genetics | date = January 2003 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–81 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021860910719 | bibcode = 2003ConG....4...67T | s2cid = 35532451 }}</ref><ref name="Eshenroder_2016">{{cite report | vauthors = Eshenroder RL, Vecsei P, Gorman OT, Yule D, Pratt TC, Mandrak NE, Bunnell DB, Muir AM | display-authors = 6 | title = Ciscoes (Coregonus, subgenus Leucichthys) of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon. | collaboration = Great Lakes Fishery Commission | publisher =  United States Geological Survey | date = 2016 | url = https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179454 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report | vauthors = Boguski DA, Murray L, Pratt TC, Johnson JD, Reist JD | title = Patterns of Morphological Diversity in Ciscoes Distributed Within Three of Manitoba's Glacial Relict Lakes with Reference to Shortjaw Cisco (Coregonus Zenithicus) | work = Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat = Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique | date = January 2014 | url = http://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/352585.pdf }}</ref>

=== Species ===
In 2017, [[FishBase]] listed 78 species, including the more than 50 proposed for Europe in 2007.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Coregonus| month = December | year = 2017 | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref> Some of these are recently extinct (marked with a dagger, "†") and ''C. reighardi'' is likely extinct.<ref name="Kottelat_2007" /><ref name = " Eshenroder_2016"/>

* ''[[Coregonus acrinasus]]'' <small>Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020</small><ref name="Selz_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Selz OM, Dönz CJ, Vonlanthen P, Seehausen O | title = A taxonomic revision of the whitefish of lakes Brienz and Thun, Switzerland, with descriptions of four new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae) | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 989 | pages = 79–162 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33223897 | pmc = 7669820 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.989.32822 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020ZooK..989...79S }}</ref>
* ''[[Coregonus albellus]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1890</small> (autumn brienzlig)
* ''[[Coregonus albula]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (vendace)
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus alpenae]]'' <small>([[Walter Norman Koelz|Koelz]], 1924)</small> (longjaw cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus alpinus]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1885</small> (kropfer)
* ''[[Coregonus anaulorum]]'' <small>[[Igor Aleksandrovich Chereshnev|Chereshnev]], 1996</small>
* ''[[Coregonus arenicolus]]'' <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 1997</small>
* ''[[Coregonus artedi]]'' <small>[[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1818</small> (northern cisco or lake herring)
[[File:Cisco.jpg|thumb|Cisco or lake herring, ''[[Coregonus artedi]]'']]
* ''[[Coregonus atterensis]]'' <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 1997</small>
* ''[[Coregonus austriacus]]'' <small>[[Carl Vogt|C. C. Vogt]], 1909</small>
* ''[[Coregonus autumnalis]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small> (Arctic cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus baerii]]'' <small>[[Karl Fedorovich Kessler|Kessler]], 1864</small>
* ''[[Coregonus baicalensis]]'' <small>[[Benedykt Dybowski|Dybowski]], 1874</small>
* ''[[Coregonus baunti]]'' <small>[[Fettah Bakyrovych Mukhomediyarov|Mukhomediyarov]], 1948</small>
* ''[[Coregonus bavaricus]]'' <small>[[Bruno Hofer|Hofer]], 1909</small>
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus bezola]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1888</small> (bezoule)
* ''[[Coregonus brienzii]]'' <small>Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020</small><ref name="Selz_2020" />
* ''[[Coregonus candidus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Goll|Goll]], 1883</small>
* ''[[Coregonus chadary]]'' <small>[[Benedykt Dybowski|Dybowski]], 1869</small> (Khadary whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus clupeaformis]]'' <small>([[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1818)</small> (lake whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus clupeoides]]'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1803</small> (powan)
* ''[[Coregonus confusus]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1885</small>
* ''[[Coregonus danneri]]'' <small>[[Carl Vogt|C. C. Vogt]], 1908</small>
* ''[[Coregonus duplex]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1890</small>
* ''[[Coregonus fatioi]]'' <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 1997</small>
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus fera]]'' <small>[[Louis Jurine|Jurine]], 1825</small> (fera)
* ''[[Coregonus fontanae]]'' <small>[[Micheal Schulz|M. Schulz]] & [[Jörg Freyhof|Freyhof]], 2003</small> (Stechlin cisco)
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus gutturosus]]'' <small>([[Carl Christian Gmelin|C. C. Gmelin]] ([[:de:Karl Christian Gmelin|de]]), 1818)</small>
* ''[[Coregonus heglingus]]'' <small>[[Heinrich Rudolf Schinz|Schinz]], 1822</small>
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus hiemalis]]'' <small>[[Louis Jurine|Jurine]], 1825</small> (gravenche)
* ''[[Coregonus hoferi]]'' <small>[[Lev Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1932</small>
* ''[[Coregonus holsata]]'' <small>[[August Thienemann|Thienemann]], 1916</small>
[[File:Coregonushoyi.jpg|thumb|Bloater, ''[[Coregonus hoyi]]'']]
* ''[[Coregonus hoyi]]'' <small>([[James Wood Milner|Milner]], 1874)</small> (bloater)
* ''[[Coregonus huntsmani]]'' <small>[[William Beverly Scott|W. B. Scott]], 1987</small> (Atlantic whitefish)
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus johannae]]'' <small>([[George Wagner (zoologist)|G. Wagner]], 1910)</small> (deepwater cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus kiletz]]'' <small>Michailovsky, 1903</small>
* ''[[Coregonus kiyi]]'' <small>([[Walter Norman Koelz|Koelz]], 1921)</small> (kiyi)
* ''[[Coregonus ladogae]]'' <small>[[Ivan Fedorovich Pravdin|Pravdin]], Golubev & Belyaeva, 1938</small>
* ''[[Coregonus laurettae]]'' <small>[[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|T. H. Bean]], 1881</small> (Bering cisco)
[[File:Coregonus lavaretus maraena 1.jpg|thumb|Common whitefish, ''[[Coregonus lavaretus]]'' ([[sensu lato]])]]
* ''[[Coregonus lavaretus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (common whitefish, European whitefish; lavaret)
* ''[[Coregonus lucinensis]]'' <small>[[August Thienemann|Thienemann]], 1933</small>
* ''[[Coregonus lutokka]]'' <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], [[Nina Gidalevna Bogutskaya|Bogutskaya]] & [[Jörg Freyhof|Freyhof]], 2005</small>
* ''[[Coregonus macrophthalmus]]'' <small>[[Otto Nüsslin|Nüsslin]], 1882</small>
* ''[[Coregonus maraena]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1779)</small> (maraena whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus maraenoides]]'' <small>[[Lev Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1916</small>
* ''[[Coregonus maxillaris]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1866</small>
* ''[[Coregonus megalops]]'' <small>[[Hjalmar Widegren|Widegren]], 1863</small> (lacustrine fluvial whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus migratorius]]'' <small>([[Johann Gottlieb Georgi|Georgi]], 1775)</small> (omul)
* ''[[Coregonus muksun]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814)</small> (muksun)
* ''[[Coregonus nasus]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small> (broad whitefish)
[[File:Coregonus nelsonii.jpg|thumb|''[[Coregonus nelsonii]]'']]
* ''[[Coregonus nelsonii]]'' <small>[[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|T. H. Bean]], 1884</small> (Alaska whitefish)
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus nigripinnis]]'' <small>([[James Wood Milner|Milner]], 1874)</small> (blackfin cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus nilssoni]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1848</small>
* ''[[Coregonus nipigon]]'' <small>([[Walter Norman Koelz|Koelz]], 1925)</small>
* ''[[Coregonus nobilis]]'' <small>Haack, 1882</small>
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus oxyrinchus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (houting)
* ''[[Coregonus palaea]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1829</small>
* ''[[Coregonus pallasii]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1848</small>
* ''[[Coregonus peled]]'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|J. F. Gmelin]], 1789)</small> (peled)
* ''[[Coregonus pennantii]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1848</small> (gwyniad)
[[File:Coregonus pidschian cropped.jpg|thumb|''[[Coregonus pidschian]]'']]
* ''[[Coregonus pidschian]]'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|J. F. Gmelin]], 1789)</small> (humpback whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus pollan]]'' <small>[[William Thompson (naturalist)|W. Thompson]], 1835</small> (Irish pollan)
* ''[[:ru:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3 %D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0|Coregonus pravdinellus]]'' <small>[[Georgy Dzheymsovich Dulkeit|Dulkeit]], 1949</small>
* ''[[Coregonus profundus]]'' <small>Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020</small><ref name="Selz_2020" />
* ''[[Coregonus reighardi]]'' <small>([[Walter Norman Koelz|Koelz]], 1924)</small> (shortnose cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus renke]]'' <small>([[Franz von Paula Schrank|Schrank]], 1783)</small>
* [[extinct|†]]''[[Coregonus restrictus]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1885</small>
* ''[[Coregonus sardinella]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1848</small> (Sardine cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus steinmanni]]'' <small>Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020</small><ref name="Selz_2020" />
* ''[[Coregonus stigmaticus]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1908</small> (schelly)
* ''[[Coregonus subautumnalis]]'' <small>[[Alexander Grigorivich Kaganowsky|Kaganowsky]], 1932</small>
* ''[[Coregonus suidteri]]'' <small>[[Victor Fatio|Fatio]], 1885</small>
* ''[[Coregonus trybomi]]'' <small>[[Gunnar Svärdson|Svärdson]] ([[:sv:Gunnar Svärdson|sv]]), 1979</small>
* ''[[Coregonus tugun]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814)</small>
* ''[[Coregonus ussuriensis]]'' <small>[[Lev Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1906</small> (Amur whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus vandesius]]'' <small>[[John Richardson (naturalist)|J. Richardson]], 1836</small> (vendace)
* ''[[Coregonus vessicus]]'' <small>[[Pavel Amfilokhievich Dryagin|Dryagin]], 1932</small>
* ''[[Coregonus wartmanni]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1784)</small>
* ''[[Coregonus widegreni]]'' <small>[[Anders Johan Malmgren|Malmgren]], 1863</small> (Valaam whitefish)
* ''[[Coregonus zenithicus]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1909)</small> (shortjaw cisco)
* ''[[Coregonus zuerichensis]]'' <small>[[Otto Nüsslin|Nüsslin]], 1882</small>
* ''[[Coregonus zugensis]]'' <small>[[Otto Nüsslin|Nüsslin]], 1882</small>