Editing Corrections (section)

== Terminology ==
The idea of "corrective labor" ({{langx |ru| исправительные работы}}) in [[Soviet Russia]] dates back as far as December 1917.<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Beermann
  | first = R
  | editor-last = Feldbrugge
  | editor-first = F. J. Ferdinand Joseph Maria 
  | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
  | title = Corrective labor
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j7gBESqTciYC
  | access-date = 2016-05-06
  | edition = Revised
  | year = 1985
  | publisher = Brill
  | series = Law in Eastern Europe
  | volume = 28
  | isbn = 9789024730759
  | pages = 200
  | quote = Corrective labor without deprivation of freedom  [...] has developed from the initially ad hoc orders (some of them by Lenin himself) to apply it against class enemies. [...] The first legal enactments were issued as early as 19 December 1917 [...] Something new and constructive was brought into the stale and unimaginative air of correctional and penal practice [...].
}}
</ref>
From 1929 the [[USSR]] started using the terminology [[Gulag|"corrective-labor camps"]] ({{langx|ru| исправительно-трудовые лагеря (ИТЛ)}})<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Ivanova
| first1 = Galina Mikhailovna
| chapter = Chapter 1: Repression and Punishment
| editor1-last = Raleigh
| editor1-first = Donald J
| title = Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BvovCgAAQBAJ
| series = New Russian history
| publisher = Routledge
| date = 2015
| page = 23
| isbn = 9781317466642
| access-date = 2016-05-06
| quote = On November 6, 1929, the Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom of the USSR amended the 'Basic Principles of Criminal Legislation of the Union of SSR and the Union Republics' adopted in 1924. Article 13 of this document reads, in part: 'Social protection measures of a judicial-correctional nature are ... (b) deprivation of liberty in corrective-labor camps in remote locations of the USSR' [...] This was the first mention in Soviet legislation of the term 'corrective-labor camp' (''ispravitel'no-trudovoi lager''': ITL) [...]. [P]roclaimed principles of legality and humanism [...] are demonstrated by a different document - the Corrective-Labor Code of 1924.
}}
</ref>
and [[corrective labor colony|"corrective labor colonies"]] ({{langx|ru|исправительно-трудовые колонии (ИТК)}}).

The terminology change in US academia from "penology" to "corrections" occurred in the 1950s and 1960s which was driven by a new philosophy emphasizing [[rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]]. It was accompanied by concrete changes in some prisons, like giving more privileges to inmates, and attempting to instill a more communal atmosphere. At least nominally, most prisons became "correctional institutions", and guards became "correctional officers".<ref name="WhiteheadJones2008">{{cite book |author1= John T. Whitehead|author2= Mark Jones|author3= Michael Braswell|title= Exploring Corrections in America|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HXAspHay2RUC&pg=PA8|year=2008|publisher= Elsevier|isbn= 978-1-59345-512-5|page= 8|edition= 2}}</ref> Although the corrections-related terminology continued thereafter in US correctional practice, the philosophical view on offenders' treatment took an opposite turn in the 1980s, when academics labeled the [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fedpro49&div=26&id=&page= "get tough"] program{{which|date=May 2016}} as [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x "The New Penology"].<ref>
{{cite book|author1= John T. Whitehead|author2= Mark Jones|author3= Michael Braswell|title= Exploring Corrections in America|year= 2008|publisher= Elsevier|isbn= 978-1-59345-512-5|pages= [https://archive.org/details/exploringcorrect0000whit/page/8 8 and 54]|edition= 2|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/exploringcorrect0000whit/page/8}}
</ref>