Editing Cosmic ray visual phenomena (section)

==Possible causes==
Researchers believe that the LF perceived specifically by astronauts in space are due to [[cosmic ray]]s (high-energy charged particles from beyond the Earth's atmosphere<ref name="Mewaldt1996">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/dick/cos_encyc.html |chapter=Cosmic Rays |title=MacMillan Encyclopedia of Physics |publisher=Simon & Schuster MacMillan |first=R. A. |last=Mewaldt |editor-first=John S. |editor-last=Rigden |volume=1 |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-02-897359-3 |access-date=27 August 2016 |archive-date=30 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830191145/http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/dick/cos_encyc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>), though the exact mechanism is unknown. Hypotheses include [[Cherenkov radiation]] created as the cosmic ray particles pass through the [[vitreous humour]] of the astronauts' [[human eye|eyes]],<ref name="Narici2004">{{cite journal |url=http://people.roma2.infn.it/~morselli/A94Altea.pdf |title=The ALTEA/ALTEINO projects: studying functional effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation |journal=Advances in Space Research |first1=L. |last1=Narici |first2=F. |last2=Belli |first3=V. |last3=Bidoli |first4=M. |last4=Casolino |first5=M. P. |last5=De Pascale |display-authors=etal |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1352–1357 |date=January 2004 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.052 |pmid=15803627 |bibcode=2004AdSpR..33.1352N}}</ref><ref name="Tendler Hartford Jermyn LaRochelle 2020 pp. 422–429">{{cite journal | last1=Tendler | first1=Irwin I. | last2=Hartford | first2=Alan | last3=Jermyn | first3=Michael | last4=LaRochelle | first4=Ethan | last5=Cao | first5=Xu | last6=Borza | first6=Victor | last7=Alexander | first7=Daniel | last8=Bruza | first8=Petr | last9=Hoopes | first9=Jack | last10=Moodie | first10=Karen | last11=Marr | first11=Brian P. | last12=Williams | first12=Benjamin B. | last13=Pogue | first13=Brian W. | last14=Gladstone | first14=David J. | last15=Jarvis | first15=Lesley A. | title=Experimentally Observed Cherenkov Light Generation in the Eye During Radiation Therapy | journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=106 | issue=2 | year=2020 | issn=0360-3016 | doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.10.031 | pages=422–429| pmid=31669563 | pmc=7161418 }}</ref> direct interaction with the [[optic nerve]],<ref name="Narici2004" /> direct interaction with visual centres in the brain,<ref name="Narici2003">{{cite journal |title=ALTEA: Anomalous long term effects in astronauts. A probe on the influence of cosmic radiation and microgravity on the central nervous system during long flights |journal=Advances in Space Research |first1=L. |last1=Narici |first2=V. |last2=Bidoli |first3=M. |last3=Casolino |first4=M. P. |last4=De Pascale |first5=G. |last5=Furano |first6=A. |last6=Morselli |first7=P. |last7=Picozza |first8=E. |last8=Reali |first9=R. |last9=Sparvoli |first10=S. |last10=Licoccia |first11=P. |last11=Romagnoli |first12=E. |last12=Traversa |first13=W. G. |last13=Sannita |first14=A. |last14=Loizzo |first15=A. |last15=Galper |first16=A. |last16=Khodarovich |first17=M. G. |last17=Korotkov |first18=A. |last18=Popov |first19=N. |last19=Vavilov |first20=S. |last20=Avdeev |first21=V. P. |last21=Salnitskii |first22=O. I. |last22=Shevchenko |first23=V. P. |last23=Petrov |first24=K. A. |last24=Trukhanov |first25=M. |last25=Boezio |first26=W. |last26=Bonvicini |first27=A. |last27=Vacchi |first28=N. |last28=Zampa |first29=R. |last29=Battiston |first30=G. |last30=Mazzenga |first31=M. |last31=Ricci |first32=P. |last32=Spillantini |first33=G. |last33=Castellini |first34=P. |last34=Carlson |first35=C. |last35=Fuglesang |display-authors=5 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=141–146 |date=2003 |doi=10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00881-5 |pmid=12577991 |bibcode=2003AdSpR..31..141N|url=https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/138131 |url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[retina]]l receptor stimulation,<ref name="Charman1971">{{cite journal |title=Visual Sensations produced by Single Fast Particles |journal=Nature |first1=W. N. |last1=Charman |first2=J. A. |last2=Dennis |first3=G. G. |last3=Fazio |first4=J. V. |last4=Jelley |volume=230 |issue=5295 |pages=522–524 |date=April 1971 |doi=10.1038/230522a0 |bibcode=1971Natur.230..522C |pmid=4927751|s2cid=4214913 }}</ref> and a more general interaction of the retina with radiation.<ref name="Tobias1971">{{cite journal |title=Radiation-induced Light Flashes observed by Human Subjects in Fast Neutron, X-ray and Positive Pion Beams |journal=Nature |first1=C. A. |last1=Tobias |first2=T. F. |last2=Budinger |first3=J. T. |last3=Lyman |volume=230 |issue=5296 |pages=596–598 |date=April 1971 |doi=10.1038/230596a0 |bibcode=1971Natur.230..596T |pmid=4928670|s2cid=4260225 }}</ref>