Editing Counter-Reformation (section)

==Terminology==
{{See also|Reformation#Terminology}}

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of {{langx|de|Gegenreformation}}.<ref name=lotz/>{{rp|33}}

Protestant historians<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kess |first1=Alexandra |title=Johann Sleidan and the Protestant Vision of History |date=15 December 2016 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315251509 |hdl=10023/13238 |isbn=978-1-315-25150-9 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315251509/johann-sleidan-protestant-vision-history-alexandra-kess}}</ref> have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.

{{Blockquote|text= In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the {{langx|de|[[Kulturkampf]]}}: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian [[Wilhelm Maurenbrecher]] introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained [[Confessionalism (religion)|confessionally]] divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.<ref name=lotz>{{cite book |last1=Lotz-Heumann |first1=Ute |editor-first1=Alexandra |editor-first2=Geert H. |editor-first3=Mary |editor-last1=Bamji |editor-last2=Janssen |editor-last3=Laven |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation |date=22 March 2013 |publisher=Routledge Handbooks Online |doi=10.4324/9781315613574 |isbn=978-1-4094-2373-7 |url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|33}} }}

Catholic historians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Janet |first1=Richard J. |title=On Catholic History |url=https://www.hprweb.com/2014/04/on-catholic-history/ |website=Homiletic & Pastoral Review |date=10 April 2014}}</ref> tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian [[Daniel-Rops|Henri Daniel-Rops]] wrote:
{{Blockquote|The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance.&nbsp;… The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Catholic Reformation |author=[[Daniel-Rops|Daniel-Rops, Henri]] |publisher=[[EWTN]] |via=the fall 1993 issue of ''The Dawson Newsletter'' |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/ROPSCARE.TXT |access-date=2017-10-24 |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319183757/http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/ROPSCARE.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".{{sfn|Firpo|2016|p=295}}

Other relevant terms that may be encountered:

* 'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the [[List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante|status quo ante]] of, the [[Council of Trent]] (such as "[[pre-Tridentine Mass]]")
* 'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "[[Tridentine Mass]]")
* 'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "[[Mass of Paul VI|post-Tridentine Mass]]")

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|caption='''Second Millennium Western Mainstream Reformist Movements''' 
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<!-- Editors: Mainstream Reformists here is a Trinitarian religious group that had control of a country for some decent period: so Lollards/Wycliffites aren't, Cathars aren't Trinitarian so not "reformist",the Munster Anabaptists fizzled too fast and onlyhad limited territory: probably Waldensians are except for their limited political extent.  -->
* ''Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact''
* Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other