Editing Court Line (section)

==Shipping==
Philip Haldinstein was a [[British Jews|British Jewish]] businessman from [[Norwich]]. He founded the [[Tramp trade|tramp shipping]] company Haldinstein and Co Ltd in 1905.<ref name=Grace>{{cite web |url= https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Court_Line |title=Court Line |work=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] launched Haldinstein's first ship, ''Arlington Court'', at [[Hebburn]] on the [[River Tyne]] that October.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/A-Ships/arlingtoncourt1905.html |title=Arlington Court |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

[[File:StateLibQld 1 141011 Hannington Court (ship).jpg|thumb|''[[SS Empire Brigade|Hannington Court]]'', built for Court Line in 1912 and sold in 1936<ref name=WBS/>]]
Between 1906 and 1912 Haldinstein added several new steamships from shipyards on the Tyne<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/G-Ships/geddingtoncourt1912.html |title=Geddington Court |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> and the [[River Wear]].<ref name=WBS>{{cite web |url= http://www.sunderlandships.com/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=103246&vessel=HANNINGTON+COURT |title=Hannington Court |work=Wear Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> When the [[World War I|First World War]] broke out in 1914, Haldinstein & Co had a fleet of seven ships and was operating as Court Line, Ltd.<ref>{{cite book |year=1914 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I |chapter=List of Ship Owners and Managers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping}}</ref> [[Anti-German sentiment]] arose in Britain in the war, so in 1915 Haldinstein shortened his surname to Haldin.<ref name=Grace/>

In 1915 Haldin bought a second-hand ship, ''Dalebank'', which he renamed ''Ilvington Court''. In 1917 a U-boat sank ''Ilvington Court'' in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], killing eight of her crew.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/2983.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Ilvington Court |work=uboat.net |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> Haldin sold several ships between 1916 and 1921, reducing his fleet to only two ships: ''Geddington Court'' and ''Hannington Court''.<ref name=Finch>{{cite web |url= http://www.mariners-list.com/site_pages.php?section=Shipping+Companies&category=English&page_name=Court+Line |last=Finch |first=Ted |title=Court Line / Haldin & Philipps, London |work=Mariners |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

From 1924 onward Haldin expanded his fleet again. He bought a mixture of new and second-hand ships. The second-hand ones were ships that had been built just after the end of the First World War to the [[Shipping Controller]]'s war standard designs. Haldin continued to name his ships in the same "''—ington Court''" style, and re-used some names more than once. By 1926 the fleet had 26 ships.<ref name=Finch/>

In 1926 Haldin registered his fleet under the name United British Steamship Co Ltd. In 1929 Richard Philipps, the youngest brother of [[Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant]], joined Haldin in the business, which was renamed Haldin and Philipps Ltd. In the 1930s part of the fleet was laid up.<ref name=Grace/> In 1939 Haldin was made a [[Knight Bachelor]].<ref name=Engineer>{{cite web |url= https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Philip_Haldin |title=Philip Haldin |work=[[The Engineer (UK magazine)|The Engineer]] |via=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History |date=13 November 1953 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

[[File:NOLLINGTON COURT (9564510839).jpg|thumb|''Nollington Court'' in 1932. She sank in the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.teesbuiltships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=170715&vessel=CONISTONE |title=Conistone |work=Tees Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>]]
In 1937 Court Line lost two ships. ''Nollington Court'' sank in the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] after striking a submerged object.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?133507 |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Allen |first2=Tony |title=SS Quarrington Court (+1937) |work=Wrecksite.eu |date=12 October 2015 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> Less than a fortnight later, ''Quarrington Court'' sank in the [[Red Sea]] after springing a leak in a water intake in her [[engine room]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?133506 |last=Allen |first=Tony |title=SS Quarrington Court (+1937) |work=Wrecksite.eu |date=17 January 2018 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

When the [[World War II|Second World War]] began in 1939, Haldin & Philipps Ltd had a fleet of 23 ships.<ref>{{cite book |year=1939 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I |chapter=List of Ship Owners and Managers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/39/39a1008.pdf |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> In the war it lost 14 ships, 13 of them to enemy action, with the loss of 136 lives.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://wrecksite.eu/ownerBuilderView.aspx?4318 |title=Court Line Ltd. - P. E. Haldinstein - Haldin & Philipps |work=Wrecksite.eu |url-access= registration |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> One ship, {{SS|Pennington Court||2}}, was lost with all hands.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2254.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Pennington Court |work=uboat.net |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

From 1940 onward Haldin & Philipps started to manage some [[Empire ship]]s for the [[Ministry of War Transport]]. In 1945 and 1946 it bought these ships and renamed them with "''—ington Court''" names.

In 1948 Philipps retired, and the company name reverted to Haldin & Co.<ref name=Grace/> Haldin died in 1953, aged 73.<ref name=Engineer/>

From 1952 onward Haldin & Co started to buy new ships again. In the 1960s the fleet diversified into [[Tanker (ship)|tankers]]. The first was ''Edith Borthen'', which Haldin bought in 1963 and renamed ''Halcyon Days''. The second was ''Halcyon Breeze'', which [[Hitachi Zosen Corporation|Hitachi]] built for Court Line in [[Japan]] in 1964. The [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] ''Halcyon Breeze'' as the [[Replenishment oiler|oiler]] {{ship|RFA|Derwentdale|A221|6}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-derwentdale |title=RFA Derwentdale |work=Histprocal RFA |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> All Court Line tankers were named in the same "''Halcyon —''" style.<ref name=Finch/>

In 1964 Court Line bought [[Appledore Shipbuilders]] in [[Devon]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-james-venus-1548891.html |last=Wilson |first=Bill |title=Obituary: James Venus |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=1 September 1992 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> In 1972 it took over a larger shipbuilding business, the [[William Doxford & Sons|Doxford and Sunderland Group]].<ref name=Grace/> When the Court Line group went bankrupt in 1974, the shipyards and remaining ships in the fleet were sold.