Editing Crayola (section)

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Crayola|History of Crayola crayons}}
{{multiple image
|align = left
|direction = 
|total_width = 300
|perrow = 
|header = 
|image1 = Edwin binney portrait.jpg
|caption1 = 
|image2 = C harold smith.jpg
|caption2 =
|footer = Crayola's founders [[Edwin Binney]] (left) and Charles Smith (right), {{circa|1900}}
}}
The company was founded by Edwin Binney and Harold Smith. Initial products were colorants for industrial use, including red [[iron oxide]] pigments used in barn paint and [[carbon black]] chemicals used for making tires black and extending their useful lifespan.<ref name="memories">{{cite web|url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Crayola.html|title=Crayola Colors Children's Memories in 64 Shades and More|author=Kathryn DeVan|access-date=June 26, 2017|date=Fall 2017|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727160247/http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Crayola.html|archive-date=July 27, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Austin's new process of creating inexpensive black colorants was entered into the chemistry industries competition at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Paris Exposition]] under the title "carbon gas blacks, lamp or oil blacks, 'Peerless' black" and earned the company a gold medal award in chemical and pharmaceutical arts.<ref name="1900pariscatalog">{{cite book |title= Catalogue of Exhibitors in the United States Sections of the International Universal Exposition Paris, 1900|year=1900|publisher=Société Anonyme des Imprimeries Lemercier|location=Paris |page= [https://archive.org/details/catalogueexhibi01unkngoog/page/n437 425]| url= https://archive.org/details/catalogueexhibi01unkngoog |quote= 1900 paris exposition binney smith.|access-date= June 22, 2009}}</ref><ref name="smithmag">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/object_nov99.html| work= [[Smithsonian Magazine]] |title=The Colors of Childhood|date=November 1999|access-date=June 22, 2009}}</ref> Also in 1900, the company added production of [[slate]] school pencils. Binney's experimentation with industrial materials, including slate waste, [[cement]], and [[talc]], led to the invention of the first dustless white [[chalk]], for which the company won a gold medal at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 St. Louis World's Fair]].<ref name="smithmag" />

Initially formed as a partnership, Binney & Smith [[corporation|incorporated]] in 1902, and in that year Binney & Smith developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. Then Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, developed his own famous product line of [[wax]] crayons beginning on June 10, 1903,<ref name="Crayolause">{{cite book
|title= The Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office
|volume= 105
|publisher= Government Printing Office
|location= Washington, DC
|date= July–August 1903
|page= 968
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cMt8AAAAMAAJ&q=Crayola&pg=RA1-PA968}}</ref> which it sold under the brand name Crayola. The ''Crayola'' name was coined by Alice Binney who was a former schoolteacher. It comes from ''craie'' (French for "chalk") and ''ola'' for "oleaginous" or "oily."<ref name="smithmag" /><ref name="CrayolaHist">{{cite book
|last=Kitchel
|first=A. F.
|title=The Story of a Rainbow
|publisher=Crayola LLC
|location=Easton, PA
|year=1961
}}</ref> The suffix "-ola" was also popular in commercial use at the time, lending itself to products such as [[granola]] (1886),<ref name=Granola>{{cite web|title=Granola|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=granola&allowed_in_frame=0|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> [[pianola]] (1901),<ref  name=Pianola>{{cite web|title=Pianola|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pianola&allowed_in_frame=0| website= Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> [[Victrola]] (1905),<ref name=Victrola>{{cite web| title= Victorola| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Victrola&allowed_in_frame=0|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> [[Shinola]] (1907),<ref name="Klara">{{cite news |url=http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-shinola-went-shoe-polish-coolest-brand-america-165459 |title=How Shinola Went From Shoe Polish to the Coolest Brand in America  |first=Robert |last=Klara |work=AdWeek |date=June 22, 2015}}</ref> and [[Mazola]] (1911).<ref name=Mazola>{{cite web|title=Ingredion: About Us, History|url=http://www.ingredion.com/about-us/history/|access-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006133709/http://www.ingredion.com/about-us/history/|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> Crayola introduced its crayons not with one box, but with a full product line. By 1905, the line had expanded to offering 18 different-sized crayon boxes<ref name="Crayolaad1">{{cite book
|title=New York Teachers Monographs
|volume=7
|edition=No 1
|publisher=American Book Company
|location=New York
|date=March 1905
|page=125
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0dxNAAAAMAAJ&q=Crayola&pg=RA1-PA125
}}</ref> with five different-sized crayons, only two of which survive today—the "standard size" (a standard sized Crayola crayon is {{cvt|3+5/8|×|5/16|in|mm}}) and the "large size" (large sized Crayola crayons are {{cvt|4|×|7/16|in|mm}}). The product line offered crayon boxes containing 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 28, or 30 different color crayons. Some of these boxes were targeted for artists and contained crayons with no wrappers, while others had a color number printed on the wrapper that corresponded to a number on a list of color names printed inside the box lid, but some boxes contained crayons with their color names printed on their wrappers.

The [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] Crayola line, started in 1903,<ref name="Crayolapamphlet">{{cite book
|title=The Art of "Crayola" Painting
|publisher=Binney & Smith
|location=Easton, PA
|year=1904
}}</ref> was directly targeted at artists and designed to compete with the [[Raphael]] brand of crayons from [[Europe]]. The crayon boxes sold from five cents for a No.6 Rubens box containing six different-colored crayons to $1.50 for the No. 500 Rubens Special Artists and Designers Crayon box containing 24 different-colored, larger ({{cvt|4+1/4|×|1/2|in|mm}}) crayons.<ref name="CrayolaYouth">{{cite book
|title=The Youth's Companion
|publisher=Perry Mason & Co.
|location=Boston, MA
|date=October 18, 1906
|page=524
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
|perrow = 2
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 400
|header =  
|image1 = Rubens500 inside.jpg
|caption1 = Rubens No. 500 box, {{circa|1904–12}}
|image2 = Munsell Crayons.jpg 
|caption2 = Original Munsell crayons box 
|image3 = Crayola No 8 (first two).jpg
|caption3 = The first two Gold Medal line 8-count boxes
|image4 = Crayola No52.jpg
|caption4 = No. 52 box, {{circa|1939–44}}
|footer =
}}
In April 1904 at the St. Louis World's Fair, Binney & Smith won the Golden Medal for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk.<ref name="StLouisExpo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tlaupp.com/goldMedal.html |title=Terry's 1904 World's Fair Page -- Gold Medals |access-date=March 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822175649/http://www.tlaupp.com/goldmedal.html |archive-date=August 22, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Blandford |first=Joanne |date=2021-10-13 |title=Local history: Crayola founder Edwin Binney, one of Fort Pierce's early benefactors |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/history/2021/10/13/crayola-crayons-edwin-binney-benefactor-shipping-channel-ft-pierce-history/6093845001/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=TCPalm |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, Crayola used the opportunity to develop a new packaging strategy by emphasizing their gold medal on the front of many of their products and crayon boxes. This strategy turned out to be so successful and recognizable to their brand that they phased out nearly all of their other Crayola line box designs to adapt to the gold medal format, which appeared on their packaging for the next 50-plus years.

In 1905, the prototype offering of their new No. 8 crayon box (with eight crayons) featured a copy from the side of the medal with an eagle on it. This was changed to the other side of the medal with the 1904 date on it in Roman numerals.

Binney & Smith purchased the [[Crayon#Albert H. Munsell|Munsell Color Company crayon product line]] in 1926, and inherited 22 new colors, 11 in the maximum and 11 in the middle hue ranges.<ref name="Munsellsale">{{cite web|url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/charting-color-from-the-eye-of-the-beholder |title=American Scientist Online |website=Americanscientist.org |date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref><ref name="MunsellCrayola">{{cite book
|title=Crayons Chalk Water Colors
|pages=13–14
|publisher=Binney & Smith Co.
|location=New York
|year=1927
}}</ref> They retained the Munsell name on products such as “Munsell-Crayola” and “Munsell-Perma” until 1934, and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes.<ref name="MunsellCrayola1">{{cite book
|title=Crayons Chalk Water Colors
|publisher=Binney & Smith Co.
|location=New York
|year=1934
}}</ref>

In 1939, Crayola, by combining its existing crayon colors with the Munsell colors, introduced its largest color assortment product to date; a "No. 52 Drawing Crayon 52 Color Assortment", which was retired by the 1944 price list.

In 1949, Crayola introduced the "Crayola No. 48" containing 48 color crayons in a non-hangable floor box.

Further expansion took place in 1958 with the introduction of the 64-color pack that included the company's first crayon sharpener built into the box.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/object_nov99.html|title=The Colors of Childhood}}</ref> The 64-color box was called "a watershed" moment in the history of the Crayola crayon by [[National Museum of American History|Smithsonian National Museum of American History]] curator David Shayt.<ref name="icons" />
<ref name="crayolaInfo">{{cite web
| url = http://www.crayonCollecting.com/ContainerList.xls
| title = Known Binney & Smith crayon products
| access-date = July 5, 2022
| archive-date = November 13, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191113074519/http://www.crayoncollecting.com/ContainerList.xls
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The corporation became a publicly traded company under the symbol BYS on the [[American Stock Exchange]] in 1963, and later moved to the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the same symbol in 1978.<ref name="memories" />

In 1977, Binney & Smith acquired the rights to [[Silly Putty]], a stretchy, bouncy silicon rubber compound.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crayola.com/mediacenter/index.cfm?display=press_release&news_id=164|publisher=Crayola|title=Silly Putty History|access-date=June 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409130422/http://www.crayola.com/mediacenter/index.cfm?display=press_release&news_id=164|archive-date=April 9, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Crayola markers were introduced in 1978 to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Crayola crayons. In 1984, the company was acquired by [[Hallmark Cards]], a privately held corporation. Colored pencils and a line of washable markers were added in 1987.<ref name="memories" />

In August 1997, Crayola collaborated with [[Alliance Atlantis]] and the entertainment arm of Hallmark Cards to release three [[direct-to-video]] adaptations of famous children's novels under the name Crayola Kids Adventures.

Crayola Crayons were inducted into the [[National Toy Hall of Fame]] at [[The Strong]] in [[Rochester, New York]], in 1998. On January 1, 2007, Binney & Smith reorganized as Crayola LLC, to reflect the company's number one brand.<ref name="about">{{cite web| url= http://www.crayola.com/corporate/index.cfm|title=Crayola company profile|website=Crayola.com|access-date=June 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name="bsbecomescrayola">{{cite web|url=http://www.binney-smith.com/|website= binney-smith.com| publisher=Binney & Smith|title= Binney & Smith becomes Crayola LLC| access-date= June 26, 2009}}</ref>

In 2011, My First Crayola was launched. Products include triangular crayons and flat-tipped markers.

In 2015, Crayola announced "Color Escapes" for adults to help them relieve stress. The kit includes four collections, such as geometric, garden, natural, and kaleidoscope.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Rhodan|first1=Maya|title=Crayola Now Has Coloring Books for Adults|url=https://time.com/4106154/crayola-coloring-book-adults-color-escapes/| magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date= November 10, 2015}}</ref>