Editing Credit Suisse First Boston (section)

==History==

===Credit Suisse / First Boston 50 / 50 Joint Venture (1978–1988)===
''Main Article [[First Boston]]''

In 1978, [[Credit Suisse]] and [[First Boston Corporation]] formed a [[London]]-based 50-50 investment banking [[joint venture]] called ''Financière Crédit Suisse-First Boston''.<ref name=CSFB-H-01/> This joint venture later became the operating name of Credit Suisse's investment banking operations.

=== Transition to CS First Boston (1988–1996)===

Credit Suisse acquired a 44.5 percent stake in First Boston in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mankowski |first=Cal |date=1988-10-11 |title=FIRST BOSTON DEAL EXPANDS CREDIT SUISSE PRESENCE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/11/first-boston-deal-expands-credit-suisse-presence/7d26cbc7-61f0-420f-a57c-dd245d648975/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The investment bank acquired its shares held by the public and the company was taken private. In 1989, the [[junk bond]] market collapsed, leaving First Boston unable to redeem hundreds of millions it had lent for the leveraged buyout of Ohio Mattress Company, maker of [[Sealy Corporation|Sealy]] mattresses, a deal that became known as "the burning bed".<ref>{{cite news |last= Mallory |first= Maria |date=May 7, 1990 |title=The Burning Bed |newspaper=Business Week |location= 127 }} The amount lent, $457 million, was 40 percent of First Boston’s equity capital.</ref> Credit Suisse bailed them out and acquired a controlling stake in 1990. Although such an arrangement was arguably illegal under the [[Glass–Steagall Act]], the [[Federal Reserve]] U.S. bank regulator concluded that the integrity of the financial markets was better served by avoiding bankruptcy, even though it meant a [[de facto]] merger of a commercial bank with an investment bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=June 30, 2005 |title=Credit Suisse drops a name: First Boston |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/business/worldbusiness/credit-suisse-drops-a-name-first-boston.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== CS First Boston (1996–2006) ===
[[File:CSFB_logo.png|right|thumb|186x186px|CS First Boston logo used from 1996-2006]]
In the mid-1990s, Credit Suisse became Credit Suisse First Boston (commonly referred to as CSFB or CS First Boston) expanding beyond the London franchise.

Conflict with Credit Suisse First Boston in Europe began creating problems for Credit Suisse. First Boston in New York and CSFB in London had their own management teams, with competing salesmen in each other’s territory and in the Pacific region. In 1996, Credit Suisse purchased the remaining stake of CS First Boston from its management and rebranded the European, U.S., and Asia Pacific investment banks as Credit Suisse First Boston, making one global brand. In the late 1990s, CSFB purchased the equity division of [[Barclays Bank]], Barclays de Zoete Wedd ("BZW"). BZW was considered second-tier and CSFB reportedly bought BZW from Barclays for £1 plus assumption of debt - primarily to obtain BZW's client list. A permanent injunction prevented First Boston from offering shares in Gulf Oil company, due to lack of interest in share offering, and the Iraq Desert Storm campaign. A Nevada judge issued a cease and desist order to stop Barclays from taking American owned assets and offering them to international buyers from Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Korea.

In 2000, Credit Suisse First Boston spent $13 billion to buy [[Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette]] (also known as DLJ) as stock markets were peaking. By the time the acquisition closed in 2001, stock markets were down significantly. The deal led to a culture clash that triggered the departures of key bankers. In order to keep top bankers, CSFB handed them three-year guaranteed contracts, swelling costs relative to revenue and leading to two years of losses at the investment bank.

At the same time, the newly global CSFB became a leading high-tech banker, acting as lead (or co-lead) underwriter in the IPOs of [[Amazon.com]] and [[Cisco]] Systems, as well as one-time high fliers such as [[Silicon Graphics]], [[Intuit Inc.|Intuit]], [[Netscape]], and [[VA Linux Systems]]. CSFB also did significant deals for [[Apple Computer]], [[Compaq]] and [[Sun Microsystems]], among others. In 2000, at the height of the tech boom, technology deals generated $1.4 billion in revenue for CSFB. The head of CSFB's tech group, [[Frank Quattrone]], reportedly made $200 million in bonuses between 1998 and 2000.<ref>“Inside Frank Quattrone's Money Machine: The rise and fall of the high-tech investment banker who was an architect of Silicon Valley's financial culture,” Business Week October 2003.</ref>

After the collapse in technology shares in 2001, Credit Suisse replaced CSFB’s CEO [[Allen Wheat]] with [[Morgan Stanley]]'s [[John J. Mack|John Mack]], who was charged with turning around the investment bank. Mack fired 10,000 employees, or one-third of CSFB's workforce, although many former DLJ bankers continued to collect guaranteed pay long after they were gone. Also in 2001, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Justice Department began investigating how CSFB allocated IPOs of technology companies. The probe led to the conviction of Frank Quattrone in 2004, who was found guilty of urging employees to destroy documents after he learned about the investigation. He was ultimately acquitted of substantially all charges upon appeal in 2006.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/09/18/8386190/index.htm?postversion=2006090706 "Frank Quattrone 2.0"] (Fortune Magazine, September 7, 2006).</ref>

Announced in 2005,<ref name=":1" /> Credit Suisse retired the First Boston name on January 16, 2006, in order to “allow Credit Suisse to communicate as an integrated organization to clients, employees and shareholders.” The move led some to speculate that the name change reflected the diminished luster of the once great First Boston name as a result of years of mismanagement and scandal.<ref>See Ian Kerr article.</ref> However, its strategy is consistent with that of other large, international financial conglomerates. [[Citigroup]] has eliminated the [[Salomon Brothers]] name from its investment banking business, and [[UBS AG]] has done the same with the [[SG Warburg]], [[Dillon Read]] and [[Paine Webber]] names. [[Deutsche Bank]] has effectively retired the [[Bankers Trust]] and [[Morgan Grenfell]] names.

=== Credit Suisse Investment Banking Division (2006–2022) ===
[[File:Credit Suisse Logo.svg|thumb|186x186px|Credit Suisse logo used from 2006 to 2022.]]
In 2006, the newly reorganized [[Credit Suisse#Credit Suisse.2C Investment Banking Division|investment banking division of Credit Suisse]] replaced the CSFB brand and entity. Credit Suisse retired the 'First Boston' name to "allow Credit Suisse to communicate as an integrated organization to clients, employees, and shareholders."<ref>"Re-naming of Credit Suisse First Boston Entities and New Brand to Launch in January 2006", ''Business Wire'', November 18, 2005 [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Nov_18/ai_n15860543/ at bnet]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=2005-06-30 |title=Credit Suisse drops a name: First Boston |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/business/worldbusiness/credit-suisse-drops-a-name-first-boston.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The Irish High Court referred to advertisements by Credit Suisse First Boston in a judgment in February 2013.<ref>{{Citation |title=An Inspector of Taxes -v- A Firm of Solicitors [2013] IEHC 67 |date=21 February 2013 |url=http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2013/H67.html |access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> Mr. Justice [[Michael Moriarty (judge)|Michael Moriarty]] said that while the volume of material produced by the Revenue Commissioners in an application to investigate tax-evading offshore bank accounts may have been "somewhat excessive", it related to matters which had been discussed in all media, including "the conduct of banking institutions both in Ireland and elsewhere, as exemplified by the Credit Suisse First Boston sequence of advertisements in the Irish Times".

=== Return to CS First Boston (2022–2023)===
On October 27, 2022, Credit Suisse announced its intention to restructure its investment bank by transitioning its capital markets and advisory activities to a newly created independent bank, CS First Boston.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Credit Suisse unveils new strategy and transformation plan|date=27 October 2022|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/media/media-release/2022/10/strategy-update-press-release-en.pdf}}</ref> By October 30, 2022, Credit Suisse had reflected "CS First Boston" as the name of its investment banking division. UBS began the process of [[Acquisition of Credit Suisse by UBS|acquiring Credit Suisse]] in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Halftermeyer |first1=Marion |last2=Bazelou |first2=Myriam |date=2023-03-19 |title=UBS Agrees to Buy Credit Suisse in Historic Deal to End Crisis |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-19/ubs-agrees-to-buy-credit-suisse-in-historic-deal-to-end-crisis |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319172338/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-19/ubs-agrees-to-buy-credit-suisse-in-historic-deal-to-end-crisis |archive-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> By 2024, Credit Suisse First Boston ceased again to exist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=First Boston: the banking model that never happened |url=https://www.globalcapital.com/article/2d03ld8mi6u7m5a2femf4/people-and-markets/southpaw/first-boston-the-banking-model-that-never-happened |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=GlobalCapital |language=en}}</ref>