Editing Creighton Abrams (section)

==Military career==
===Early career===
Abrams graduated from the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point in the Class of 1936, ranking 185th of 276 in the class.<ref>''[[Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography]]''; [[Trevor N. Dupuy]], Curt Johnson, David L. Bongard; [[HarperCollins]] 1992</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/18/us/bruce-palmer-jr-87-led-forces-in-vietnam.html|last=Stout|first=David|authorlink=David Stout|title=Bruce Palmer Jr., 87; Led Forces in Vietnam|date=2000-10-18|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=23}}</ref> His classmates included [[Benjamin O. Davis Jr.]] and [[William Westmoreland]]. He served with the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]] from 1936 to 1940, being promoted to [[first lieutenant#United States|first lieutenant]] in 1939 and temporary captain in 1940.

Abrams became an armor officer early in the development of that branch and served as a tank company commander in the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] in 1940.

===World War II===
During [[World War II]], Abrams served in the [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]], initially as regimental [[adjutant]] (June 1941 – June 1942), [[battalion]] commander (July 1942 – March 1943), and [[regiment]] executive officer (March–September 1943) with the [[37th Armor Regiment]]. In September 1943, a reorganization of the division redesignated the 37th Armor Regiment to the 37th Tank Battalion, which Abrams commanded. He commanded [[Combat Command]] B of the division during the [[Battle of the Bulge]], and entitled to wear the [[Fourragère|French Fourragère]] as a member of the [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]].

During this time Abrams was promoted to the temporary ranks of [[Major (United States)|major]] (February 1942), [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] (September 1942), and [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] (April 1945). Abrams was promoted to lieutenant colonel at age 27 years, 11 months.

During much of this time, the 4th Armored Division, led by the 37th Tank Battalion, was the spearhead for General [[George S. Patton]]'s [[United States Army Central|Third Army]]. Abrams was well known as an aggressive armor commander. By using his qualities as a leader and by consistently exploiting the relatively small advantages of speed and reliability of his vehicles, he managed to defeat German forces that had the advantage of superior armor and superior guns. He was twice decorated with the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for extraordinary heroism, on 20 September and 26 December 1944. General George Patton said of him: "I'm supposed to be the best tank commander in the Army, but I have one peer—Abe Abrams. He's the world champion."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836935,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215145244/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836935,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2008 |magazine=Time |title=Nation: Pattern's Peer |date=April 14, 1967}}</ref>

Frequently the spearhead of the Third Army during World War II, Abrams was one of the leaders in the relief effort that broke up the [[Wehrmacht|German]] entrenchments surrounding [[Bastogne]] and the [[101st Airborne Division]] during the Battle of the Bulge. In April 1945, he was promoted to temporary [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] but reverted to lieutenant colonel during the post-war demobilization. On April 23, 1945, [[Will Lang Jr.]] wrote a biography of Abrams called "Colonel Abe" for ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''.

===Interbellum and Korean War===
Following the war, Abrams served on the Army General Staff (1945–1946), as head of the department of tactics at the Armored School, [[Fort Knox]] (1946–1948), and graduated from the [[Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]] (1949).

Abrams commanded the [[63rd Armor Regiment|63rd Tank Battalion]], part of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]], in Europe (1949–1951). He was again promoted to colonel and commanded the [[2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] (1951–1952). These units were important assignments due to the [[Cold War]] concern for potential invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union. He then attended and graduated from the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] in 1953.

Because of Abrams's service in Europe and his War College tour, he joined the Korean War late. In South Korea (1953–1954), he successively served as chief of staff of the [[I Corps (United States)|I]], [[IX Corps (United States)|IX]], and [[X Corps (United States)|X Corps]].

===Staff assignments and division command===
Upon Abrams' return from Korea, he served as Chief of Staff of the Armor Center, [[Fort Knox]] (1954–1956). He was promoted to [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] and appointed deputy chief of staff for reserve components at the Pentagon (1956–1959). He was assistant division commander of [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]] (1959–1960) and then commanded the division (1960–1962) upon his promotion to major general. He was transferred to the Pentagon as deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (1962–1963) and during this time he served as representative of the Army Chief of Staff overseeing the armed forces deployed to support the enrollment of [[James Meredith]] at the [[Racial segregation|segregated]] [[University of Mississippi]].<ref name=Scheips>{{cite book|last=Scheips|first=Paul|title=The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1945–1992|publisher=US Army Center of Military History|year=2005|isbn=9781517253783|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-20/CMH_Pub_30-20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920132904/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-20/CMH_Pub_30-20.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2015}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp|88–92}}

He performed a similar role in May 1963 during the [[Birmingham campaign|civil rights protests]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama]].<ref name=Scheips/>{{rp|139–41}} Following these roles Abrams demanded a more coherent policy for the swift employment of Federal forces domestically. In May 1963, the Joint Chiefs formalized those arrangements with the [[United States Strike Command|Strike Command]] instructed to be prepared "to move ready, deployable, tailored Army forces ranging in size from a reinforced company to a maximum force of 15,000 personnel".<ref name=Scheips/>{{rp|142}}

He was promoted to [[lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]] and commanded [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] in Europe (1963–1964).

Abrams was on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine three times in ten years: 1961 (13 October),<ref name=time61>{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19611013,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Third Armored's General Abrams|date=October 13, 1961|page=(cover)}}</ref> 1968 (19 April),<ref name=time68>{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19680419,00.html|magazine=Time|title=General Creighton Abrams|date=April 19, 1968|page=(cover)}}</ref> and 1971 (15 February).<ref name=time71>{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710215,00.html|magazine=Time|title=General Creighton Abrams|date=February 15, 1971|page=(cover)}}</ref>

===Vietnam War===
[[File:CWAbrams.jpg|thumb|Abrams watches [[Bob Hope]] at [[Long Binh Post|Long Binh]] in [[South Vietnam]]]]
Abrams was promoted to [[General (United States)|general]] in 1964 and appointed [[Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]. He was seriously considered as a candidate for chief of staff. Due to concerns about the conduct of the Vietnam War, he was appointed as deputy to his West Point classmate, General [[William Westmoreland]], commander of the [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] (MACV), in May 1967.

Abrams succeeded Westmoreland as [[COMUSMACV]] on 10 June 1968. His tenure of command was not marked by the public optimism of his predecessors, who were prone to press conferences and public statements.

[[Lewis Sorley]] asserted that in contrast to Westmoreland, Abrams implemented counterinsurgency tactics that focused on winning the [[Hearts and Minds (Vietnam)|hearts and minds]] of the Vietnamese rural population. A joint military-civilian organization named [[Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support]] under CIA official [[William Colby]] carried out the hearts and minds programs. According to a colonel cited in ''[[Men's Journal]]'', there was more continuity than change in Vietnam after Abrams succeeded Westmoreland.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|'That claim touches a nerve when put to [[Gian Gentile]]. "We don't know how Iraq is going to turn out", he snaps. With that, the colonel returns to his binders. They hold reams of cable communiqués from Vietnam war commander General William Westmoreland and his successor, General Creighton Abrams. Westmoreland embodied the traditional approach: a hard-charging, hammer-swinging leader who used search-and-destroy tactics that focused on the enemy. Abrams favored counterinsurgency methods, and focused on winning the hearts and minds of the population. Gentile has stated "People think we were losing in Vietnam, and oh, a better general with better tactics came in and saved the day," he says, waving his arms for emphasis. "Nonsense." That's what led Gentile to dig through antique war correspondence from two dead generals. "There was more continuity than change in Vietnam after Abrams arrived," he says — people have it backward. And in a way he's right: Westmoreland once declared that the jungles of Vietnam were "no place for either tank or mechanized infantry units." And Abrams — well, the Army named a tank after the guy." Abrams, Gentile feels, showed up just in time to snatch the scraps of glory.'- quoted from Matthew Teague in Men's Journal<ref>{{cite web|title=Is This Any Way to Fight a War?|url=http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/print-view/is-this-any-way-to-fight-a-war-20131108|website=[[Men's Journal]]|last=Teague|first=Matthew|date=December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311025404/http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/print-view/is-this-any-way-to-fight-a-war-20131108|archive-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref>}}

''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine at the time of Abrams' appointment observed that its sources within the [[Lyndon Johnson]] administration had spoken at length with Abrams in the past, and had come away convinced that the general would make few changes. The magazine quoted an unidentified military analyst to the effect that, "All this talk of dropping search-and destroy operations in favor of clear-and-hold is just a lot of bull."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=William|title=The U.S. Army in Vietnam Public Affairs The Military and the Media, 1968–1973|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|year=1996|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-2/CMH_Pub_91-2-B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926065448/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-2/CMH_Pub_91-2-B.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2012|isbn=978-1946411037|page=24}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> None of the strategy papers produced by Abrams on assuming command of MACV indicated the need for any change in U.S. strategy and U.S. forces continued large-scale operations to engage [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) main force units including the [[Battle of Hamburger Hill]] in May 1969.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Gregory A. |last= Daddis |date= 2017 |title= Withdrawal: Reassessing America's Final Years in Vietnam |language= en |location= [[New York City]] |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-069108-0 |oclc= 975861891 |s2cid= 165751615 |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/9WEwDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

From 1969, the Vietnam War increasingly became a conventional war between the military forces of South Vietnam and North Vietnam. Following the election of President [[Richard Nixon]], Abrams began implementing the Nixon Administration's [[Vietnamization]] policy to decrease U.S. involvement in Vietnam. With this new goal, Abrams decreased American troop strength from a peak of 543,000 in early 1969 to 49,000 in June 1972.

The South Vietnamese forces with aerial support from the U.S. repelled the PAVN conventional [[Easter Offensive]] in 1972. The prolonged efforts and expense of the war had by then exhausted much of the American public and political support. Abrams disdained most of the politicians with whom he was forced to deal, in particular [[Robert McNamara]] and [[McGeorge Bundy]], and had an even lower opinion of defense contractors, whom he accused of war profiteering.

Abrams was in charge of the [[Cambodian Incursion]] in 1970. President Nixon seemed to hold Abrams in high regard, and often relied on his advice. In a tape-recorded conversation between Nixon and National Security Advisor [[Henry Kissinger]] on December 9, 1970, Nixon told Kissinger about Abrams' thoughts on intervention in Cambodia that: "If Abrams strongly recommends it we will do it."<ref>[http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/Box%2029,%20File%202,%20Kissinger%20%96%20President%20Dec%209,%201970%208,45%20pm%20%200.pdf Mr. Kissinger/The President (tape)]</ref> Troop levels in Vietnam eventually reached 25,000 in January 1973, at the time of the four power [[Paris Peace Accords]]. Although it occurred before he assumed total command, Abrams bore the brunt of fallout from the [[My Lai massacre]] in March 1968.

Nixon grew increasingly dissatisfied with Abrams' performance during [[Operation Lam Son 719]] and had debated for some time whether to recall Abrams. On 4 May 1972, a little more than a month after the onset of the Easter Offensive, Nixon resolved to replace Abrams with his former deputy General [[Frederick Weyand]], but the decision was not publicly announced until 20 June 1972.<ref name=Hammond>{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=William|title=The U.S. Army in Vietnam Public Affairs The Military and the Media 1968–1973|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|year=1996|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-2/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913060001/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-2/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|isbn=978-0160486968}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp|568}}

===Chief of Staff===
[[File:Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, second from the left, administers the oath of office to General Creighton W. Abrams, the new U.S. Army chief of staff. Secretary of the Army Ro - DPLA - b673b513173121f89bf2016590e97b16.jpeg|thumb|right|Abrams is sworn in as Army Chief of Staff, 16 October 1972]]
Abrams was appointed [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] by Nixon in June 1972.<ref name=atjgtab>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YO9LAAAAIBAJ&pg=6864%2C1902645 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Army's top job goes to Abrams |date=June 21, 1972 |page=1}}</ref> He was not confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] until October, due to political repercussions involving accusations of [[John D. Lavelle#Lavelle Affair|unauthorized bombings of North Vietnam]].<ref name=Hammond/>{{rp|576}} It has also been reported that Congress had delayed the confirmation to question the administration's war in Cambodia. During this time, Abrams began the transition to the all-volunteer army, also known as [[Project VOLAR]].

In January 1974, Abrams directed the formation of a [[U.S. Army Rangers|Ranger]] battalion. The 1st Battalion (Ranger), 75th Infantry, was activated and parachuted into Fort Stewart, Georgia, on 1 July; the 2nd Battalion (Ranger), 75th Infantry followed with activation on 1 October. The 3rd Battalion, 75th Infantry (Ranger), and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 75th Infantry (Ranger), received their colors a decade later on 3 October 1984, at Fort Benning, Georgia. The 75th Ranger Regiment was designated in February 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/ranger/heritage.html|title=Heritage – United States Army Rangers|work=[[United States Army]]|access-date=12 May 2016}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The modern Ranger battalions owe their existence to Abrams and his charter:
{{blockquote|The battalion is to be an elite, light, and the most proficient infantry in the world. A battalion that can do things with its hands and weapons better than anyone. The battalion will contain no 'hoodlums or brigands' and if the battalion is formed from such persons, it will be disbanded. Wherever the battalion goes, it must be apparent that it is the best.}}

Abrams served as Chief of Staff until his death on 4 September 1974.