Editing Crew cut (section)

==History==

In English, the crew cut and flat top crew cut were formerly known as the pompadour or short pompadour, as well as the brush cut, and had been worn since at least the mid-18th century.{{sfn|Trusty|1971|p=97}}{{sfn|Thorpe|1967|p=132}}{{sfn|Moler|1911|p=82-83}} The style went by other names in other languages; in French, [[:File:Auguste Rodin with crew cut by Adolphe Braun, c1889.jpg|coupe à la brosse]] "cut like a brush"; in German, [[:File:Hofmannsthal 1893.jpg|Bürstenschnitt]]; in Russian, [[:File:Alexander Kerensky LOC 24416.jpg|ёжик]] "hedgehog." A short pompadour with a flat top was considered the standard while a somewhat curved appearance across the top was suggested for wider foreheads and face shapes.{{sfn|Moler|1911|p=82}} The style with a flat top acquired the name brush top short pompadour and the style with a more rounded top, round top short pompadour.{{sfn|Thorpe|1958|p=141}} Prior to the invention of electric clippers with a motor in the handle in 1921 and their ensuing marketing and widespread use, barbers considered the perfect short pompadour to be the most time-consuming style to trim.{{sfn|Moler|1911|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andis.com/history-of-andis.aspx/ |title=History of Andis |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210195822/https://www.andis.com/history-of-andis.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070328080136/http://www.andis.com/USA/aboutAndis/ Andis, Our History]</ref>{{sfn|Thorpe|1967|p=120}}[[File:Crew Cut, Jack Kerouac, 1943.jpg|thumb|left|135px| Author [[Jack Kerouac]] sporting a G.I. crew cut in 1943]]The term "crew haircut" was most likely coined to describe the hairstyles worn by members of [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Yale University|Yale]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Cornell University|Cornell]] and other university [[rowing (sport)|crew]] teams, which were short to keep the hair from being blown into the face of the rower as the boat races down the course opposite the direction the rower is seated with both hands on the oars, making it impossible to brush the hair out of the face.<ref name=Eoyam>{{cite journal |url= http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_04/old_yale.html|title= John Hay Whitney Philanthropist, Film Producer, and Father of the Crew Cut |journal=[[Yale Alumni Magazine]] |date= April 2002}}</ref><ref name=Eocorn1>{{cite news |url= http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19370325.2.19&e=--------20--1--------| title= Pompadours Passe Says Barber; Collegetown Condemns Crew Cuts |newspaper=[[The Cornell Daily Sun]] |volume=100|issue= 141|date= 25 March 1937}}</ref><ref name=Eohc>{{cite news |url= http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1935/11/23/obecure-origins-of-the-crew-haircut|title= Obecure Origins of the Crew Haircut Revealed by Harvard Square Barbers |newspaper=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date= 23 November 1935}}</ref><ref name=Eodp>{{cite news|url= http://libserv23.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=Princetonian19400327-01.2.9&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN-march+27+1940----#|title= Two-Fisted, Stout Jawed Movie Idol Plus Crew Haircut Resembles Composite Undergraduate|newspaper= [[The Daily Princetonian]]|volume= 65|issue= 46|date= 27 March 1940}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The name drew a contrast to football haircuts, which had been long since 1889 when Princeton football players began wearing long hair to protect against head injury, thereby starting a trend, not altogether welcome; mop haired football players were frequently caricatured in the popular press.<ref name="official">Beau Riffenburgh, ''The Official NFL Encyclopedia'': "The Helmet"</ref>{{sfn|Trusty|1971|p=97}} In 1895, the championship Yale football team appeared with "close-cropped heads" and subsequently long hair went out of style for football. Almost concurrently, [[Football helmet#Invention|the first helmets]] began to appear.<ref name="official"/>
Crew cuts were popular in the 1920s and 1930s among college students, particularly in the [[Ivy League]]. The style was often worn as a summer haircut for its cooling effect.<ref name=Eocorn1/><ref name=Eohc/><ref name=Eodp/><ref name=Eolife1>{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46|title= Crew Haircut With Back Sheared Is The Male Method For Beating The Heat | magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |volume=11|issue=  2|date= 14 July 1941}}</ref> Men inducted into the military in World War II received [[G.I. (military)|G.I.]] haircuts, crew cuts, and a significant proportion continued to wear a crew cut while serving and after, as [[civilian]]s.<ref name=Eolife2>{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KkoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA89|title= The Men 300,000 New Sailors Will Make The Navy Their Career | magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |volume=9|issue=  18|date= 28 October 1940}}</ref><ref name=Eowp1>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPx1hL-vZZsC&pg=PA52 |title=Fubar: Soldier Slang of World War II |author=Gordon L. Rottman |isbn=9781846031755 |year=2007 |page=52 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Eowz1>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvLC5_RJS0MC&pg=PA343 |title=Glen Miller and His Orchestra |author=George Thomas Simon |isbn=0306801299 |year=1974 |page=343 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Eovs1>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&pg=PA194 |title=Encyclopedia of hair |author=Victoria Sherrow |isbn=9780313331459 |year=2006|page=194}}</ref><ref name=Eobl1>{{cite journal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t3GjIj_RU5AC&pg=PA45|title= The Great Hair Hangup | journal=[[Boys Life|Boys' Life]] |pages=45|date= July 1967}}</ref><ref name=Eotm>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894170,00.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080915225013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894170,00.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= September 15, 2008|title= MANNERS & MORALS: Teen-Age Moderation |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 February 1959}}</ref> As long hair became popular in the mid-1960s, the crew cut and its variants waned in popularity through the 1970s.<ref name=Eobl2>{{cite journal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t3GjIj_RU5AC&pg=PA29|title= The Great Hair Hangup | journal=[[Boys Life|Boys' Life]] |pages=29|date= July 1967}}</ref><ref name=Eoc2>{{citation |url=http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19740510.2.18&e=en-20--1--txt-IN# |title=Long Hair-Style Trends Cut Short |author= Kaminsky |journal=The Cornell Daily Sun|volume=100|issue= 141|date=10 May 1974}}</ref> The crew cut began to come back into style in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the flat-top crew cut being the most popular crew cut style during the 1980s.<ref name=Eovs3>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&pg=PA101 |title=Encyclopedia of hair |author=Victoria Sherrow |isbn=9780313331459 |year=2006|page=101}}</ref><ref name=Eovs2>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&pg=PA54 |title=Encyclopedia of hair |author=Victoria Sherrow |isbn=9780313331459 |year=2006|page=54}}</ref>