Editing Crocodile (section)

==Etymology==
The word ''crocodile'' (''croc.'') was derived during the [[Middle English]] period <ref name=OED>{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/crocodile_n?tl=true|website=www.oed.com|title=crocodile noun|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=Cresswell (2010) www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199547920.001.0001/acref-9780199547920-e-1305: "ME"}}</ref> from the [[transliteration]] krokódilos of a Greek {{efn|The Ancient Greek words for ''croc.'' were: σοῦχος <ref name=tuftscroc.>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/definitionlookup?type=begin&q=crocodile&target=greek|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|title=English-to-Greek Word Search Results for crocodile|publisher=[[LSJ]]: [[Perseus Project]]|access-date=14 April 2025|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> which was the Ancient Egyptian ''croc.'' <ref>{{cite web|url= https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CF%83%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82|website=lsj.gr|title=σοῦχος|date=|publisher=[[LSJ]]|access-date=14 April 2025|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> and,<ref name=tuftscroc./>  probably,<ref name=LSJcroc.>{{cite web|url=https://lsj.gr/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82|website=lsj.gr|title=ὀδοντοτύραννος|date=|publisher=[[LSJ]]|access-date=14 April 2025|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> ὀδοντοτύραννος  <ref name=tuftscroc./> the Ancient Indian ''croc.'' <ref name=LSJcroc./>}} word which translates as: "stones worm".<ref name=10.1093>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199547920.001.0001/acref-9780199547920-e-1305|website=www.oxfordreference.com|title=crocodile|editor= Julia Cresswell|date=2010|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250414114622/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199547920.001.0001/acref-9780199547920-e-1305|archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> {{efn|It has been suggested,<ref name=Wylie1780231237>{{cite book|last1=Wylie|first1=Dan |author-link1=|location=Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa|date= 15 July 2013|chapter=|chapter-url=|editor-last1=|editor-first1= |editor-last2=|editor-first2=|title=Crocodile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDqAQAAQBAJ&q=crocodile+A+(further)+corrupted+form+cocodrille+is+found+in+Old+French|series=|language=|volume=|edition=|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|page=16|isbn=978-1780231235|issn=|url-status=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name=10.1093/><ref name=Russini >{{cite web|author1=Giuliano Russini |url=https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/crocodylus-cataphractus/?lang=en|website=www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com|title=Crocodylus cataphractus|date=26 April 2012|publisher=|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref><ref name=Aleksic>{{cite web|author= Adam Aleksic|url=https://www.etymologynerd.com/blog/pebble-worm|website=www.etymologynerd.com|title=
<small>PEBBLE WORM</small>|date=|publisher=|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|quote=degree from [[Harvard University]], co-founded the Harvard Undergraduate Linguistics Society. poynter.[[Yale University|yale.edu]]/events/2025-02-07-adam-aleksic-etymologynerd - The [[Nelson Poynter|Poynter]] Fellowship in Journalism}}</ref><ref name=Ikram>{{cite book|last1=Ikram|first1=Salima |author-link1=|year=2010|chapter=Crocodiles: Guardians of the Gateways|chapter-url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36713843/Ikram_Crocodiles_Guardians_of_the_Gateways-libre.pdf?1424471010=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3D2010_Crocodiles_Guardians_of_the_Gateway.pdf&Expires=1744727479&Signature=g3LWrL~Tu0FWtwHSK33KJxtbx7-gV1vZpqBCuZZfGHg7Sf5V3eHRkkvRBaiSIuVZPFj9S8botv1Etljh~VZ4A-TmPoGadOTOWLO8hwafinAZzVkRMYqi9b~8t6rTEzoeOaoy8QToIuVOKLcQyRDYBxwUOZtjziZhgKveQofAVIe9MI~g6VdHzen0JRs9nLME84tPxGjuYVZhfqVRbcN3VBnAIkwatufoviWcSh9GnIYk4MVKwUujdxtIBxRh0SbtF6fZfCjAmvSgOIGXJm2Z-zUAfYQCgWFdtEBmy1iD7qcY0W1eqOy5gv9T3bIuUIflv1f2krbK1eOAupativWFIA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|editor-last1=Hawass |editor-first1=Z.  |editor-last2=Ikram|editor-first2=S. |title=Thebes and Beyond: Studies in Honour of Kent R. Weeks|url=|series=|page=85 (1)|volume=|edition=|publication-place=Cairo|publisher=[[Supreme Council of Antiquities|Supreme Council of Antiquities Press]]|publication-date=2010 |isbn=|issn=|url-status=|access-date=|via=Google scholar & www.academia.edu/10965872/2010_Crocodiles_Guardians_of_the_Gateways_In_Z_Hawass_and_S_Ikram_eds_Thebes_and_Beyond_Studies_in_Honour_of_Kent_R_Weeks_Cairo_Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities_Press_85_98}}
</ref> that the word parts ''croc.'' & ''dile'' are compounded from {{lang|grc-Latn|krokè}} ({{gloss|pebbles}}), and {{lang|grc-Latn|drilos <ref name=10.1093/><ref name=Aleksic/><ref name=Ikram/> / deilos <ref name=Wylie1780231237/><ref name=Russini /> }} ({{gloss|worm}}),<ref name=Wylie1780231237/><ref name=10.1093/><ref name=Russini /><ref name=Aleksic/><ref name=Ikram/>  although the former is only attested as a "a stripling" a colloquialism for a young man, or, a circumcised man <ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%81%E1%BF%96%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82|website=lsj.gr|title=δρῖλος|date=|publisher=|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=dictionary.reference.com/browse/crocodile [access-date=26 April 2013]}}</ref> the latter in ancient sources infact is interpreted as: cowardly, vile, worthless, lowborn, mean <ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82|website=lsj.gr|title=δειλός|date=|publisher=[[LSJ]]|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via= biblehub.com/greek/1169.htm}}</ref>}} Through [[Ancient Greece]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/vor?lookup=krokodeilos&lang=greek |title=Perseus Lookup Tool |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205859/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/vor?lookup=krokodeilos&lang=greek |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Несторов/>  the [[English language]] word  has developed <ref name=10.1093/> from Grecian origination in [[Anatolia#Ancient Anatolia|Anatolia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Grigoriev|first1=Stanislav|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360291199|date=2022|location=[[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|title=<small><small>ORIGINS OF THE GREEKS AND GREEK DIALECTS</small></small>|journal=[[Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology]]|volume=9 |issue=1|pages=Abstract|doi=10.14795/j.v9i1.697|publisher=Editura Mega Print SRL - [[Technical University of Cluj-Napoca|Universitatea Tehnică din Cluj-Napoca]]: [[Central and Eastern European Online Library]] & [[researchgate]].net|issn=2360-266X|via=bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2025/2025.04.18/ - scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=how+Greek+formed+from+proto-greek&btnG=|doi-access=free}}</ref>

A very early extant [[Ancient Greek]] source is an [[Aesop's Fable]] named [[:el:s:Αισώπου Μύθοι/Αλώπηξ και κροκόδειλος|Ἀλώπηξ καὶ κροκόδειλος]] of the sixth century BCE.<ref name=Несторов/> [[Herodotus]] a century after in consideration of the Greek word thought it was from the [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] period.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Herodotus|author-link1=Herodotus |chapter=69|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D69%3Asection%3D3|editor-last1= Godley|editor-first1=A. D.|editor1-link=A. D. Godley|title=The Histories: Book 2 - Section 3|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D0|translator=A. D. Godley|volume=|edition=|publication-place=Cambridge|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|publication-date=1920 |access-date=|via=etymonline.com/index.php?search=crocodile [access-date=16 March 2010] & ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_194385_58a53f74295669c490be0d372bbca44c.pdf p.19 Moussa, WFI (Egypyt, 2021)|quote=The Egyptians do not call them crocodiles, but khampsae. The Ionians named them crocodiles, from their resemblance to the lizards which they have in their walls<sup>1</sup>. 1. κροκόδειλος is Ionic for a lizard; the commoner word is σαύρα or σαῦρος. χάμψα is the Egyptian "em-suh," a name which survives in the Arabic "timsah," i.e. em-suh with the feminine article prefixed.}}</ref>

The [[Latin language]] word ''crocodilus'' existed in first century [[anno domini|a.d.]] in the work ''[[Natural Histories|Naturalis Historia]]'' of [[Pliny the Elder]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pliny the Elder|author-link1=Pliny the Elder |date=1938|chapter=XXVIII|chapter-url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL418.77.xml|editor-last1=<small><small>HENDERSON</small></small>|editor-first1=<small><small>JEFFREY</small></small>|title=Natural Histories|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL330.3.xml|series=[[Loeb Classical Library]]|language=Latin|publication-place=[[Harvard University]]|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=|issn=|doi=10.4159/DLCL.pliny_elder-natural_history.1938|access-date=|via=Luigi Prada (2023) www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/zaes-2021-0024/html}}</ref> Examples in writing in the sixth and seventh century a.d., {{lang|la|crocodillorum}} and {{lang|la|crocodili}} existed,<ref name=Несторов>{{Cite journal|last1=Несторов (Nestorov)|first1=Маријана (Marijana)|date=2014|title=A Traveler's Guide to Crocodiles in the Middle Ages|journal=Lucida intervalla (www.klasicnenauke.rs/lucida-intervalla)|volume=43|issue=|pages=140, 145–6|doi=|issn=|url=https://www.klasicnenauke.rs/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/li43-nestorov.pdf|publisher=Одељење за класичне науке (Department of Classical Sciences): [[University of Belgrade|Univerzitet u Beogradu]]|s2cid=|doi-access=|quote=  Cocodrillus igitur de subito excitans vivu[m] transglutit eum.}}</ref> though {{lang|la|corcodrillus}}  <ref name=pdf33468>{{Cite journal|last1=traulsen|first1=johannes|url=https://riviste.unimi.it/interfaces/article/download/9625/pdf/33468|date=2018|title=The Desert Fathers' Beasts Crocodiles in Medieval German Monastic Literature|journal=Interfaces|volume=5|issue=|pages=79|doi=10.13130/interfaces-05-07|publisher=[[Milan University|Milano University Press]] (www.unimi.it/en/university/la-statale/milano-university-press-our-publishing-house)|doi-access=|via=(riviste.unimi.it/interfaces/article/download/9625/pdf/33468) www.dictionary.com/browse/crocodile: [[Dictionary.com]]}}</ref> and 
{{lang|la|cocodrillus}} <ref name=Несторов/><ref name=pdf33468/> were forms in [[Medieval Latin]].<ref name=pdf33468/> The Latin form is found as ''cocodrille'' c. the 13th century in the [[Old French]] work [[Li livres dou tresor]], in which the croc. is ''jaune'' (yellow).<ref>{{cite web |author1=Paolo Acquaviva|url=https://rolinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/acquaviva-rolinc-21.2.23.pdf|location=University of Dublin|website=rolinc.org|title=Varieties of definiteness and constructionist interpretation|page=13|publisher=Romance Linguistics Circle - Università di Bergamo, University of Cambridge, Università di Messina, University of Newcastle, University of Oxford |access-date=|publication-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=|quote=The OF is found quoted from Mathieu (2009)}}</ref>

The earliest known source in the English language is within the work [[Kyng Alisaunder]]<ref name=OED/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/metricalromances01webeiala#page/n93/mode/2up ''King Alisaunder''] Weber edition (1810)</ref> from towards the beginning of the 14th century, a [[Magic (supernatural)|magical]] [[Romance (prose fiction)#Medieval romance|romance]] poetry work of [[rhyming couplets]], where the word is found line 5720:<ref>{{cite book|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|chapter=chapter III|editor-last1=Weber, <small><small>ESQ</small></small>.|editor-first1=Henry |editor1-link=Henry Weber|title=Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries: published from ancient manuscripts with an introducton, notes, and a glossary - Kyng Asisaunder: Part II.  |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/metricalromances01webeiala#page/n93/mode/2up|series=|language=|volume=|edition=|publication-place=Edinburgh; London|publisher=[[Archibald Constable and Co]]; [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], and [[Constable, Hunter, Park, and Hunter]]|publication-date=1810 |page=236|issn=|url-status=|access-date=15 April 2025|quote=To the Most Noble Elizabeth [[Marchioness of Stafford]], [[Countess of Sutherland]]|via=[[University of California]], [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref>

:Forth went the kyng wondres sekynde :
:A griselich hest he gonne fynde ; 
:So mychel seigh he neuere, ne non swiche ;
:Two heudes it had wel ferlich
:To a cokedrill that on was liche,
:That others the monoceros selcouthliche. {{efn|The croc. in question was an Indian croc. The text tells the tale of [[Alexander of Macedonia]]:
:Weber p.226 - "Alexander returns into [[Upper India]] where he defeats the inhabitants - The host attacked by a monstrous beast, and by elephants," (text form: ''olifauntz'', line 5734) "which are subdued"; 
commences line 5688:
:The kynge thennes went forth,
:Ayein into Ynde in the north,
:That is y-cleped, als I fynde
:In the book, the vpper Ynde.
}}

Writing sometime after 1483 on his visit to the [[Holy Land]]s [[Felix Fabri]] in German and Latin mentions the Cocodrillen<!-----:is capitalized in the German rule-----> and ''cocodrillos'' respectively.<ref name=Несторов/> {{efn|The modern / current German term is: das Krokodil <ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/?hl=es&sl=en&tl=de&text=crocodile&op=translate|website=translate.google.com|title=crocodile|date=|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>}} By 1538 the exact same form of the modern word as the current English is found in [[French language#History|French]]; {{efn|Is shown in ''Gessner'', 1560, Historiæ animalium p. 54 as "GALLICE Crocodile" (i.e. French <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/gallice_adv?tl=true|website=www.oed.com|title=† Gallice adverb|date=|publisher=[[Oxford University]]|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>) - see: p.27<sup>:</sup><ref>{{cite web|author=Dirk HR Spennemann|url=https://www.bsanz.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Spennemann-Merians-crocodile-supplementary-2.pdf|website=www.bsanz.org|title=Matthäus Merian's crocodile in the Historiae naturalis de quadrupetibus—Supplemental data—|date=|publisher=Institute for Land Water and Society; [[Charles Sturt University]]|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/crocodile|website=www.cnrtl.fr|title=Étymol. et Hist. 1. a)|date=|publisher=[[CNRTL]]|publication-place= 44, avenue de la Libération BP 30687 54063 Nancy Cedex - France|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> ''croc''. is within a poem of [[Edmund Spenser]],{{efn|

''[[Prosopopoia|<small><small>PROSOPOPOIA.</small></small>]][[Mother Hubberd's Tale|<small><small>Or Mother Hubberds Tale.</small></small>]]'' <ref name=EdSp/>

:Then vnto him all monstrous beasts resorted
:Bred of two kindes, as Griffons, Minotaures,
:Crocodiles, Dragons, Beauers, and Centaures:
:With those himselfe he strengthned mightelie,
:That feare he neede no force of enemie.}}<ref name=EdSp>{{cite journal|url=https://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/hubberd.html|website=www.luminarium.org|title=Spenser's Minor Poems|editor=Ernest de Sélincourt|editor-link=Ernest de Sélincourt|date=1910|doi=10.1086/SPSv23p153 |publication-place=Oxford|publication-date=1591|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=Sean Henry (2008) www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/SPSv23p153|url-access=subscription}}</ref> thought written in 1579-80,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/content/prosopopoia-or-mother-hubbards-tale|website=rpo.library.utoronto.ca|title=Edmund Spenser, Complaints, containing sundry, small poems of the world's vanity (1591). Facs. edn. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1970). PR 2357 A1 1591A Robarts Library|date=|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|quote=Notes 479}}</ref> and in the works of [[William Shakespeare]] whose lifetime was 1564 - 1616.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/search/search-results.php|website=www.opensourceshakespeare.org|title=Antony and Cleopatra,; Hamlet; Henry VI, Part II; Othello|date=|publisher=[[George Mason University]] |access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> The similitude of the English word formation to a Latin source was caused at least by the transmission <ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Tarrant|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0302.xml|website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com|title=Oxford Bibliographies Online: Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature|date=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University]]|access-date=|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0302|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> of a relevant ancient science <ref>{{cite web|author=Aude Doody|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0194.xml|website=|title=Oxford Bibliographies Online: Pliny the Elder|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University]]|access-date=|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0194|archive-url=|archive-date=|quote=The Natural History is a key document in the history of science }}</ref> from the influx of the publication of translations of Pliny the Elder some time towards the end of fourteenth and, or, beginning of fifteenth century. The publication of concrete realization in the anatomical work of [[Andreas Vesalius]] during 1543 inspired the creation of monographs and books of animals contributing to new science in [[zoology]].<ref name=FEg.>{{Cite journal|last1= Egerton|first1=Frank N.|date=October 2003|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/bullecosociamer.84.4.206|title=A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 11: Emergence of Vertebrate Zoology During the 1500s|journal=[[Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America]]|volume=84|issue=4|pages=206–212|doi=10.1890/0012-9623(2003)84[206:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2|issn= |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|doi-access=}}</ref>