Editing Crypto-Calvinism (section)

== Background ==
[[Image:Martin-Bucer 1.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Bucer]], one of the Sacramentarians]]
[[Martin Luther]] had controversies with "[[Sacramentarians]]", and he published against them, for example, in his ''[[The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics]]'' and ''[[Confession Concerning Christ's Supper]]''. [[Philipp I of Hessen]] arranged the [[Marburg Colloquy]] in 1529, but no agreement could be reached concerning the doctrine of [[Real Presence]]. Subsequently, the [[Wittenberg Concord]] of 1536 was signed, but this attempt at resolving the issue ultimately failed.

While Lutheranism had weakened after the [[Schmalkaldic War]] and Interim controversies, the Calvinist Reformation was spreading across Europe. Calvinists wanted to help Lutherans to give up "remnants of [[popery]]", as they saw it. By this time Calvinism had expanded its influence to southern Germany (not least because of the work of [[Martin Bucer]]), but the [[Peace of Augsburg]] (1555) had given religious freedom in Germany only to Lutherans, and it was not officially extended to Calvinists until the [[Treaty of Westphalia]] in 1648. While [[Heinrich Bullinger|Bullinger]], [[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]]'s successor, had, in 1549, accepted Calvin's much less radical view of Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper (that is, that the Eucharist was more than a sign and that Christ was truly present in it and was received by faith), Calvinist theologians thought that Lutheran theology also had changed its view of the [[Real Presence]] because the issue was not discussed anymore, and [[Philippist]] teaching gave some justification to this conclusion.