Editing Cultural hegemony (section)

==Background==
===Historical===
{{Marxism|expanded=Sociology}}
{{Communism in Italy|expanded=Principles}}
In 1848, [[Karl Marx]] proposed that the [[economic recession]]s and practical contradictions of a capitalist economy would provoke the working class to [[proletarian revolution]], depose [[capitalism]], restructure social institutions (economic, political, social) per the rational models of [[socialism]], and thus begin the transition to a [[communist]] society.  Therefore, the [[dialectics|dialectical]] changes to the functioning of the economy of a society determine its social [[Base and superstructure|superstructures]] (culture and politics).

Russian revolutionary, [[Leon Trotsky]], argued in his book ''[[Problems of Everyday Life]]'', that capitalism was long established in [[Western Europe]], the proletariat of those societies were much more [[cultural assimilation|culturally acculturated]] with bourgeois habits and reformist traditions and hence more attached to the existing system.  Consequently, this in turn made the revolutionary process in those respective countries more difficult. Nevertheless, Trotsky argued that due to the cultural and economic advantages that [[Western Europe]] had accumulated over centuries that this in turn would make the potentiality of socialist construction more achievable.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trotsky |first1=Leon |title=Problems of Everyday Life: Creating the Foundations for a New Society in Revolutionary Russia |date=May 1998 |publisher=Pathfinder Press |isbn=978-0-87348-854-9 |pages=190–200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0CdMQAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Knei-Paz |first1=Baruch |title=The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky |date=1978 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827233-5 |pages=282–290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUAFAQAAIAAJ&q=political+and+social+life+trotsky |language=en}}</ref>

To that end, [[Antonio Gramsci]] proposed a ''strategic distinction'' between the politics for a ''war of position'' and for a ''war of manœuvre''. The war of position is an intellectual and cultural struggle wherein the [[anti-capitalist]] revolutionary creates a [[proletarian culture]] whose native value system counters the cultural hegemony of the [[bourgeoisie]]. The proletarian culture will increase [[class consciousness]], teach revolutionary theory and historical analysis, and thus further develop revolutionary organisation among the social classes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Badino|first=Massimiliano|title=Cultural Hegemony in a Scientific World|publisher=Brill|year=2020}}</ref> After winning the war of position, socialist leaders would then have the necessary political power and popular support to realise the war of manœuvre, the political praxis of [[revolutionary socialism]].

===Political economy===
As [[Marxist philosophy]], cultural hegemony analyses the functions of economic class within the [[base and superstructure]], from which Gramsci developed the functions of social class within the social structures created for and by cultural domination. In the practise of imperialism, cultural hegemony occurs when the working and the peasant classes believe and accept that the prevailing cultural norms of a society (the [[dominant ideology]] imposed by the ruling class) realistically describes the natural order of things in society.

In the war for position, the working-class [[intelligentsia]] politically educate the working classes to perceive that the ''prevailing cultural norms'' are not natural and inevitable social conditions, and to recognize that the [[Social constructionism|social construct]]s of bourgeois culture function as instruments of socio-economic domination, e.g. the institutions (state, church, and social strata), the [[convention (norm)|conventions]] (custom and tradition), and [[beliefs]] (religions and ideologies), etc. That to realise their own [[working-class culture]] the workers and the peasants, by way of their own intellectuals, must perform the necessary analyses of their culture and national history in order for the [[proletariat]] to transcend the old ways of thinking about the order of things in a society under the cultural hegemony of an imperial power.

===Social domination===
Gramsci said that cultural and historical analyses of the "natural order of things in society" established by the dominant ideology, would allow [[common sense|common-sense]] men and women to intellectually perceive the social structures of bourgeois cultural hegemony. In each sphere of life (private and public) common sense  is the [[intellectualism]] with which people cope with and explain their daily life within their social stratum within the greater [[social order]]; yet the limits of common sense inhibit a person's intellectual perception of the [[exploitation of labour]] made possible with cultural hegemony. Given the difficulty in perceiving the ''status quo'' hierarchy of bourgeois culture (social and economic classes), most people concern themselves with private matters, and so do not question the fundamental sources of their socio-economic [[oppression]], individual and collective.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1177/019685998601000203 |title= The Problem of Ideology — Marxism without Guarantees |year= 1986 |first= Stuart |last= Hall |author-link= Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) |journal= Journal of Communication Inquiry |volume= 10 |issue= 2 |pages= 28–44 |url= https://archive.org/details/HallS |citeseerx= 10.1.1.1033.1130 |s2cid= 144448154 }}</ref>