Editing Cuman language (section)

==History==
The Cumans were nomadic people who lived on the steppes of [[Eastern Europe]], north of the [[Black Sea]], before the [[Golden Horde]]. Many Turkic peoples including the [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Nogais]], [[Karachays]], [[Kumyks]], [[Crimean Karaites]], [[Krymchaks]] and [[Balkars]], [[Manavs]] are descended from the Cumans. Today, the speakers of these various languages belonging to the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] branch speak variations closely related to the Cuman language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yilmaz |first=Adil |date=2018 |title=Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler |trans-title=The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium |url=https://www.academia.edu/36801899 |journal=Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇ |language=tr |issue=3 |pages=29–32 |trans-journal=Journal of Ancient Researches}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları |url=http://www.yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/kurumlar/yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/Tasarim/yayinlarimiz/6_Yalakova_dan-Yalova_ya-Kitap-Metni.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar) |url=http://m.belediyehaberleri.com.tr/yazarlar/ekrem-hayri-peker/anadoluya-yerlestirilen-kumanlar-manavlar/369#:~:text=Kumanlar%C4%B1n%20di%C4%9Fer%20ad%C4%B1%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak't%C4%B1r,Anadolu'ya%20yerle%C5%9Ftirildikleri%20de%20yazmaktad%C4%B1r.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acar |first=Kenan |title=GAGAVUZ TÜRKÇESİ İLE KOCAELİ YERLİ (MANAV) AĞIZLARI ARASINDAKİ PARALELLİKLER, 2022, VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, PARALLELS BETWEEN GAGAVUZ TURKISH AND KOCAELİ NATİVE TURK (MANAV) DİALECTS, Kenan Acar, 2022, VI. International Turkish World Social Sciences Symposium |work=VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu |date=January 2022 |url=https://academia.edu/resource/work/90576741}}</ref>

The literary Cuman language became extinct in the early 18th century in the region of [[Kunság|Cumania]] in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], which was its last stronghold. Tradition holds that the last speaker of the Cuman language in Hungary was István Varró, a resident of [[Karcag]] (Hungary) who died in 1770. The Cuman language in Crimea, however, managed to survive. The Cuman language is considered the direct ancestor of the current [[Crimean Tatar language|language of the Crimean Tatars]] with possible incorporations of the other languages in the region, like [[Crimean Gothic]].<ref>István Vásáry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Stearns(1979:39–40).</ref><ref>"Crimean Tatar proper, called the 'central dialect', belonged to the West Kipchak subbranch as a descendant of Kuman." (Lars Johanson, Turkic, Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg. 62)</ref>

By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", embraced [[Islam]], and retained the Quman-Qipchaq Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people.<ref name="Vozgrin2">Vozgrin, Valery [http://kitap.net.ru/vozgrin1.php "Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711080144/http://tavrika.by.ru/books/vozgrin_ists/html/index.htm|date=11 July 2006}}</ref>

The Cuman-Kipchaks had an important role in the history of [[Anatolia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] (see, for example, the [[House of Basarab|Basarab dynasty]]), [[Moldavia]], [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/bahasantara/sun-language-theory-part-2-the-steppes-of-tartary-tatar-bashkir-kazakh-kyrgyz-acfe3793938b|title=Sun Language Theory, Part 2: The Steppes of Tartary (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz)|last=Sun|first=Kevin|date=2019-04-07|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref name="Ayönü">{{cite journal |last=Ayönü |first=Yusuf |date=August 2012 |title=Bati Anadolu'dakı Türk Yayilișina Karși Bızans İmparatorluğu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi |trans-title=The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1267764 |journal=Belleten |language=tr |publisher=Turkish Historical Society |volume=76 |issue=276 |pages=403–418 |doi=10.37879/belleten.2012.403 |s2cid=245309166 |access-date=October 12, 2022|doi-access=free }} [https://belleten.gov.tr/ozet/2688/eng DOI: English version]</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rustam M. Shukurov |title=Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071–1461) |url=https://www.doaks.org/research/byzantine/fellows/shukurov-2004-2005 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Dimitri Korobeinikov |date=2015 |title=The Cumans in Paphlagonia |url=https://www.academia.edu/22592533 |journal=Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi |issue=18 |pages=29–44}}</ref>

[[Vasily Radlov|Radlov]] believed that among the current languages Cuman is closest to the [[Mishar Tatar dialect|Mishar dialect]] of the [[Tatar language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Публикация ННР О языке куманов: По поводу издания куманского словаря |url=http://books.e-heritage.ru/book/10085556 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=books.e-heritage.ru}}</ref>