Editing Cuthbert Tunstall (section)

==Childhood and early career==
Cuthbert Tunstall was born in [[Hackforth]] near [[Bedale]] in [[North Yorkshire]] in 1474, illegitimate son of Sir Thomas Tunstall of [[Thurland Castle]] in [[Lancashire]], who was later an [[esquire of the body]] of [[Richard III]].<ref name="DNB">{{cite web|last1=Newcombe|first1=D. G.|title=Tunstal, Cuthbert (1474–1559)|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> His half-brother, Sir Brian Tunstall, the so-called "stainless knight," was killed at the [[Battle of Flodden]] in 1513. [[Sir Walter Scott]] mentions "stainless Tunstall's banner white" in Canto Six, line 790 of ''[[Marmion (poem)|Marmion]]''.

Little is known of Tunstall's early life, except that he spent two years as a kitchen boy in the household of Sir Thomas Holland, perhaps at [[Lynn, Norfolk|Lynn]], Norfolk.<ref name="DNB" /> He was admitted to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] around 1491, where he studied mathematics, theology, and law. Around 1496, he became a scholar of the [[King's Hall, Cambridge]]. He did not receive a degree from either Oxford or Cambridge; he graduated from the [[University of Padua]] in 1505 as a [[Doctor of Civil Law]] and a [[Doctor of Canon Law]]. At Padua, he studied under some of the leading [[Humanism|humanists]] and became proficient in [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref name="DNB" />

[[William Warham]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], made Tunstall his chancellor on 25 August 1511, and shortly afterward he appointed him rector of [[Harrow on the Hill]]. He became a [[canon (priest)|canon]] of [[Lincoln Cathedral|Lincoln]] in 1514, and [[archdeacon of Chester]] in 1515. Soon thereafter, he was employed on diplomatic business by King [[Henry VIII]] and [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]]. In 1515, Tunstall was sent to [[Flanders]] with Sir [[Thomas More]], a friend since his school days, which More mentions in a glowing tribute in the opening paragraph of [[Utopia (More book)|Utopia]].<ref>"More's closest associate in life was Cuthbert Tunstall" R.W. Chambers, apud {{cite journal |last1=Gee |first1=John Archer |title=Cuthbert Tunstall's Copy of the First Edition of Utopia |journal=The Yale University Library Gazette |date=1941 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=77–83 |jstor=40857097 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40857097 |issn=0044-0175}}</ref> At Brussels, he met [[Erasmus]] as well, becoming the intimate friend of both scholars and [[Pieter Gillis|Peter Gilles]], becoming the godfather to Gilles' daughter.<ref>{{cite book|last=More|first=Thomas|title=Utopia: A Revised Translation, Backgrounds, Criticism|year=1991|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York City|isbn=0-393-96145-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/utopiarevisedtra00more/page/3 3]|edition=2|author-link=Sir Thomas More|editor=Robert Adams|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/utopiarevisedtra00more/page/3}}</ref> He helped Erasmus make corrections to the second edition of his [[Novum Instrumentum omne#Second edition|New Testament]].<ref name=odds/> In 1519, he was sent to [[Cologne]]; a visit to [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] (1520–21) gave him a sense of the threatening significance held by the [[Lutheran]] movement.{{refn|In Worms he was an early reader of Luther's [[On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church]], writing: "They say there is much more strange opinions in it near to the opinions of Bohemia (Hussites). I pray God keep that book out of England." ''1. ‘Quae pestis unquam tam perniciosa invasit gregem christi?’: The Role of the Book in the Reception of Lutheranism in England''<ref>{{cite book |title=Project MUSE - Languages in the Lutheran Reformation: Textual Networks and the Spread of Ideas |publisher=Project MUSe, Amsterdam University |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/315/edited_volume/chapter/2321289 |language=en}}</ref> }}

Tunstall was made [[Master of the Rolls]] in 1516 and [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of [[Salisbury Cathedral|Salisbury]] in 1521. In 1522, he published the first book of mathematics printed in England, based on the Italian [[Luca Pacioli]].<ref name=odds>{{cite web |title=Bishop Tunstall: The man who survived the Tudors by calculating the odds |url=https://dulib.blog/2022/03/14/bishop-tunstall-the-man-who-survived-the-tudors-by-calculating-the-odds/ |website=Durham University Library and Collections Blog |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=14 March 2022}}</ref> In 1522, he became [[Bishop of London]] by papal provision, and on 25 May 1523, he was made [[Lord Privy Seal|Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal]]. In 1525, he negotiated with the Holy Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] after the [[Battle of Pavia]], and he helped to arrange the [[Treaty of Cambrai, 1529|Peace of Cambrai]] in 1529.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}