Editing Cynghanedd (section)

== Forms of ''cynghanedd'' ==

Note that ⟨dd⟩, ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ch⟩ are digraphs in the [[Welsh alphabet]], each representing a single consonant /ð/, /ɬ/ and /χ/ respectively.

=== ''Cynghanedd groes'' ("cross-harmony") ===

All consonants surrounding the main stressed vowel before the [[caesura]] must be repeated after it in the same order. However, the final consonants of the final words of each half of the line must be different, as must the main stressed vowel of each half. For example, from the poem ''[[s:cy:Cywydd y Cedor|Cywydd y Cedor]]'', by the fifteenth-century poet [[Gwerful Mechain]]:

{{quote|''{{font color||yellow|cl}}aw{{font color||yellow|dd}} i {{font color||yellow|dd}}'''a'''{{font color||yellow|l}} / {{font color||yellow|c}}a{{font color||yellow|l}} {{font color||yellow|dd}}wy {{font color||yellow|dd}}'''wy'''{{font color||yellow|l}}aw''}}

Here we see the pattern {C L Dd Dd [stress] L} present on both sides of the caesura. The main stressed vowels are ⟨a⟩ (a short monophthong) and ⟨wy⟩ (the diphthong /uj/).

In ''cynghanedd groes'' there are generally no consonants in the second half of the line which are not part of the consonantal echoing  (there are exceptions, especially in the case of {{angbr|n}} at the beginning of the half and, as mentioned above, a line-final consonant). The vowels other than those under the main stresses may be of any kind.

=== ''Cynghanedd draws'' (partial "cross-harmony") ===

Exactly as in ''cynghanedd groes'', except that there are consonants at the beginning of the second half of the line which are not present in the series of 'echoed' consonants. ''Cynghanedd draws'' appears in this line from [[R. Williams Parry]]:

{{quote|''{{font color||yellow|Rh}}ow{{font color||yellow|ch}} we{{font color||yellow|dd}} w'''e'''n /  dan o{{font color||yellow|rch}}u{{font color||yellow|dd}} '''iâ''''' ["place a white face under a veil of ice"]}}

Here the consonant sequence {Rh Ch Dd [stress]} is repeated with different stressed vowels (short ⟨e⟩ and long ⟨â⟩). It will be noticed that the ⟨n⟩ at the end of the first half plays no part in the ''cynghanedd'': the line-final word ''iâ'' instead ends in a vowel; if this word also ended in an ⟨n⟩, there would be generic rhyme between the two words, which is not permitted in ''cynghanedd''.

Note that the {D N} of the second half of the line is also not part of the ''cynghanedd'': this is the difference between ''cynghanedd groes'' and ''cynghanedd draws''. There may be any number of unanswered consonants in this part of the line, as long as the initial sequence of consonants and accent is repeated; compare an extreme possibility in a line of [[Dafydd ap Gwilym]]'s [[The Girls of Llanbadarn]], where only one syllable is repeated:

{{quote|''{{font color||yellow|Pl}}'''a''' / ar holl ferched y {{font color||yellow|pl}}'''wy'''f!'' ["A plague on all the girls of the parish!"]}}

(Words beginning with ⟨h⟩ are treated as beginning with a vowel.)

=== ''Cynghanedd sain'' ("sound-harmony") ===

The ''cynghanedd sain'' is characterised by internal rhyme. If the line is divided into three sections by its two caesuras, the first and second sections [[rhyme]], and the third section repeats the consonantal patterns of the second. For example:

{{quote|''pant yw h{{font color||cyan|'''wy'''}} / {{font color||yellow|n}}a {{font color||yellow|ll}}{{font color||cyan|'''wy'''}} / {{font color||yellow|n}}a {{font color||yellow|ll}}aw''}}

=== ''Cynghanedd lusg'' ("drag-harmony") ===

The final syllable before the caesura in the first half of the line makes full rhyme with the penultimate syllable of the line-final polysyllabic word (i.e. the main stressed syllable of the second half). For example:

{{quote|''duw er ei r{{font color||cyan|'''add'''}} / a'i {{font color||cyan|'''add'''}}ef,''}}

=== Other details ===

A comprehensive account of cynghanedd would run to many thousands of words: many sub-types and subtleties must be accounted for by a full description of the system.