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D-loop replication
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==Replication process== Each D-loop contains an [[origin of replication]] for the heavy strand. Full circular DNA replication is initiated at that origin and replicates in only one direction. The middle strand in the D-loop can be removed and a new one will be synthesized that is not terminated until the heavy strand is fully replicated, or the middle strand can serve as a primer for the heavy strand replication. As the heavy strand replication reaches the origin of replication for the light strand, a new light strand will be synthesized in the opposite direction as the heavy strand.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | last1 = Clayton | first1 = David A | year = 1982 | title = Replication of animal mitochondrial DNA | journal = Cell | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 693β705 | doi=10.1016/0092-8674(82)90049-6| pmid = 6178513 | s2cid = 12682150 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=D. D.|last2=Clayton|first2=D. A.|date=1985-01-01|title=Priming of human mitochondrial DNA replication occurs at the light-strand promoter|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=82|issue=2|pages=351β355|doi=10.1073/pnas.82.2.351|issn=0027-8424|pmid=2982153|pmc=397036|bibcode=1985PNAS...82..351C |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is more than one proposed process through which D-loop replication occurs, but in all of the models, these steps are agreed upon. The portions not agreed upon are what is the importance of maintaining a D-loop when replication is not in progress, because it is energetically expensive to the cell, and what mechanisms, during replication, preserve the detached strand of DNA that is waiting to be replicated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leslie|first=Mitch|date=2007-01-15|title=Thrown for a D-loop|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|language=en|volume=176|issue=2|pages=129a|doi=10.1083/jcb.1762iti3|issn=0021-9525|pmc=2063944}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=He|first1=Jiuya|last2=Mao|first2=Chih-Chieh|last3=Reyes|first3=Aurelio|last4=Sembongi|first4=Hiroshi|last5=Re|first5=Miriam Di|last6=Granycome|first6=Caroline|last7=Clippingdale|first7=Andrew B.|last8=Fearnley|first8=Ian M.|last9=Harbour|first9=Michael|date=2007-01-15|title=The AAA+ protein ATAD3 has displacement loop binding properties and is involved in mitochondrial nucleoid organization|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|language=en|volume=176|issue=2|pages=141β146|doi=10.1083/jcb.200609158|issn=0021-9525|pmc=2063933|pmid=17210950}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fish|first1=Jennifer|last2=Raule|first2=Nicola|last3=Attardi|first3=Giuseppe|date=2004-12-17|title=Discovery of a Major D-Loop Replication Origin Reveals Two Modes of Human mtDNA Synthesis|journal=Science|language=en|volume=306|issue=5704|pages=2098β2101|doi=10.1126/science.1102077|issn=0036-8075|pmid=15604407|bibcode=2004Sci...306.2098F |s2cid=36033690|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/51909/7/Fish.SOM.pdf}}</ref>
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