Editing Daegu (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Daegu}}

===Prehistory and early history===
Archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric [[Mumun pottery period]] (around 1500–300 BC). In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo have been excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong.<ref name="ReferenceA">YUM (Yeungnam University Museum). ''Siji-eui Munhwayujeok VIII: Chwirakji Bonmun'' [Cultural Sites of Siji VIII: Settlement Site Text]. Research Report No. 33. Yeungnam University Museum, Gyeongsan, 1999b</ref> Dongcheon-dong is one of the substantial Mumun agricultural villages that have been excavated.<ref>YICP (Yongnam Institute of Cultural Properties). ''Daegu Dongcheon-dong Chwirak Yujeok'' [The Settlement Site at Dongcheon-dong, Daegu]. 3 vols. Research Report of Antiquities, Vol. 43. YICP, Daegu, 2002. {{ISBN|978-89-88226-41-4}}</ref> The Dongcheon-dong site dates back to the Middle Mumun (around 850–550 BC) and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit-houses and agricultural fields. Megalithic burials (dolmens) have also been found in large numbers in Daegu.

Ancient historical texts indicate that during the [[Proto–Three Kingdoms]] ([[Mahan confederacy|Mahan]], [[Jinhan]], and [[Byeonhan]]) period, Daegu was the site of a chiefdom or walled-town polity known from that time, according to historical records, as [[Dalgubeol]]. It was absorbed into the kingdom of [[Silla]] no later than the fifth century. The vestiges of the wall can be seen, and relics have been excavated in the current [[Dalseong Park]].

===Silla===
{{See also|Three Kingdom Period}}
[[File:칠곡송림사오층전탑사리장치.jpg|thumb|Reliquary from eighth-century Silla, [[Daegu National Museum]]]]
Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean peninsula by defeating the other kingdoms of [[Baekje]] and [[Goguryeo]] in the late seventh century, partly due to assistance from China's [[Tang dynasty]]. Shortly thereafter, in 689, Silla's King [[Sinmun of Silla|Sinmun]] considered moving the capital from [[Gyeongju]] to Daegu, but was unable to do so.<ref>Lee (1984), p. 76 and Shin (1999)</ref> This initiative is known only through a single line in the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'', a most valued historical record of ancient Korea by Koryeo dynasty historian [[Gim Busik|Kim Bu-sik]], but it is presumed to indicate both an attempt by the Silla king to reinforce royal authority and the entrenched resistance of the Gyeongju political elites that was the likely cause of the move's failure.<ref>Lee (1984) and Shin (1999) both make this assumption</ref> The city was given its current name in 757.

In the late 1990s, archaeologists excavated a large-scale fortified Silla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu.<ref>FPCP (Foundation for the Preservation of Cultural Properties). ''Daegu Chilgok Sam Taekji Munhwayejeok Balguljosa Bogoseo'' [Excavation Report of the Cultural Site at Localities 2 and 3, Building Area 3, Chilgok, Daegu]. 3 vols. Antiquities Research Report 62. FPCP, Gyeongju, 2000</ref> The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system. The excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Silla village dating to the sixth to seventh centuries AD at Siji-dong.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Later Three Kingdoms and Goryeo===
{{See also|Goryeo}}
During the [[Later Three Kingdoms period]], 892–936, Daegu was initially aligned with [[Later Baekje]]. In 927, northern Daegu was the site of the Battle of Gong Mountain between the forces of [[Goryeo]] under [[Wang Kŏn]] and those of Later Baekje under [[Kyŏn Hwŏn]]. In this battle, the forces of Goryeo were crushed and Wang Kŏn himself was saved only by the heroic deed of his general [[Sin Sung-gyŏm]]. However, the atrocities of the Later Baekje forces at this time apparently changed local sympathizers to favor Wang Kŏn, who later became the king of [[Goryeo]].

Numerous place names and local legends in the area still bear witness to the historic battle of 927. Among these are "[[Ansim station|Ansim]]", which literally means "peace of mind", said to be the first place where Wang Geon dared to stop after escaping the battle, and "[[Banwol-dong, Ansan|Banwol]]", or half-moon, where he is said to have stopped and admired the moon before returning to Goryeo. A statue commemorating the battle now stands in northern Daegu, as does a memorial to Sin Sung-gyŏm.

In the [[Goryeo]] period, the first edition of the ''[[Tripitaka Koreana]]'' was stored in Daegu, at the temple of Buinsa.<ref>Lee (1984), p. 131</ref> However, this edition was destroyed when the temple was sacked in 1254, during the [[Mongol invasions of Korea]].<ref>Lee (1984), p. 149</ref>

===Joseon===
{{See also|Joseon}}
[[File:Daegu dalseongdo.jpg|thumb|Daegu in the 18th century]]
Daegu served as an important transportation center during the [[Joseon]] dynasty, being located in the middle of the [[Great Yeongnam Road]] which ran between Seoul and Busan, at the junction of this arterial road and the roads to Gyeongju and [[Jinju]].

In 1601, Daegu became the administrative capital of the [[Gyeongsang Province]], which is currently Daegu, [[Busan]], [[Ulsan]], [[North Gyeongsang Province]], and [[South Gyeongsang Province]]. At about that time, the city began to grow into a major city. The status continued for nearly 300 years, and the city has been transformed as the capital of Gyeongsangbuk-do since Gyeongsang-do was divided into two provinces, Gyeongsangbuk-do (northern Gyeongsang-province) and Gyeongsangnam-do (southern one) in 1896.

Daegu's first regular markets were established during the late Joseon period. The most famous of these is the [[Yangnyeongsi]] herbal medicine market. This became a center of herbal trade in Joseon, and even attracted buyers from neighboring countries. Traders from Japan, who were not permitted to leave the [[Nakdong River]] valley, hired messengers to visit the market on their behalf. [[Seomun Market]], which stood at the city's west gate at that time, was one of the top-three markets in the Joseon period.

===Korean Empire and colonial rule===
{{See also|Korean Empire}}
Japanese imperialism forcibly opened up Korea's markets beginning in the late 19th century. In 1895, Daegu became the site of one of the country's first modern [[post office]]s, as a part of the 'Gab-o' reforms introduced in the aftermath of the [[First Sino-Japanese War|First Sino-Japanese war]].<ref>Lee (1984), p. 294</ref>

Beginning in the late 1890s, increasing numbers of foreign merchants and workers started to visit Daegu, which emerged as a modern transportation center of the newly constructed [[Gyeongbu Line]] main railroad connecting Seoul and Busan.

In 1905, the old fortress wall was destroyed. As a tribute to the wall, streets that now run where the wall once stood have been named [[Bukseongno]], Namseongno, [[Dongseongno]] and Seoseongno, which translates as "north fortress street", "south fortress street", "east fortress street" and "west fortress street" respectively.
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Emblem of Daegu-bu.svg
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| caption1          = Emblem of Taikyu-fu (Daegu Prefecture), when Daegu was under Japanese rule
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| alt2              = 
| caption2          = Daegu's mascot, Dodalsu.
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| caption3          = Daegu's mascot, fashion-ii.
}}

[[Independence movement]]s against imperial aggression flourished in Daegu, beginning as early as 1898, when a branch of the [[Independence Club]] was established in the town.<ref>Lee (1984), p. 302</ref> As the demise of the [[Korean Empire]] approached in 1907, local citizens led by [[Seo Sang-don]] organized the [[National Debt Repayment Movement]]. The movement spread nationwide, collecting many individual donations toward repaying the national debt. Rebellions continued after the 1910 annexation to Japan, notably during the [[March First Movement]] of 1919. At that time, four major demonstrations took place in Daegu, involving an estimated 23,000 citizens.<ref>Lee (1984), p. 343</ref>

===After 1945===
In 1946, the [[Daegu October Incident]] took place, one of the most serious social disorders since the foundation of the Republic of Korea.<ref>Lee (1984), p. 377</ref> On October 1, Korean national police killed three student demonstrators and injured many others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2000/412/23267 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111154939/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2000/412/23267 |url-status=dead |title=Green Left – Features: HISTORICAL FEATURE: The Korean War – a war of counter-revolution<!-- Bot generated title --> |archive-date=11 November 2007 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> It was also the site of major demonstrations on February 28, 1960, prior to the [[March 1960 South Korean presidential election|presidential election]] of that year.<ref>Lee (1984), p. 384</ref>

Daegu and all of North Gyeongsang province had heavy guerrilla activities in the late 1940s, as thousands of refugees shied away from the fighting in Jeolla province and sought shelters in Daegu.<ref>Cumings (1997), pp. 243–244</ref> In November 1948, a unit in Daegu joined the mutiny which had begun in [[Yeosu]] the previous month.<ref>Nahm (1996), p. 379</ref> As in many other areas during the Korean War, [[Politicide|political killing]]s of dissenters were widespread.

During the [[Korean War]], heavy fighting occurred nearby along the [[Nakdong River]]. Daegu sat inside the [[Pusan Perimeter]], however, so it remained in South Korean hands throughout the war. The fighting that prevented North Korean troops from crossing the Nakdong River has become known as the [[Battle of Taegu]].

In the second half of the 20th century, the city underwent explosive growth, and the population has increased more than tenfold since the end of the Korean War. The city was politically favored during the 18-year-long rule of [[Park Chung Hee]], when it and the surrounding area served as his political base. Daegu champions conservative political ideas and movements today and is a political base for the [[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power Party]].

In the 1980s, Daegu separated from Gyeongsangbuk-do and became a separately administered provincial-level [[Special cities of South Korea|directly governed city]] (''Jikhalsi''), and was redesignated as a [[Special cities of South Korea|metropolitan city]] (''Gwangyeoksi'') in 1995. Today, Daegu is the third-largest [[metropolitan area]] in Korea with respect to both population and commerce.

Since 1990, Daegu has suffered two of South Korea's worst mass casualty disasters: the [[1995 Daegu gas explosions]], which killed 101 people, and the 2003 [[Daegu subway fire]], which killed 192 people.

In February 2020, Daegu was the epicenter of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fear grips Daegu, South Korea, amid coronavirus |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/fear-grips-daegu-south-korea-amid-coronavirus/story?id=69175021 |work=ABC News |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229163633/https://abcnews.go.com/International/fear-grips-daegu-south-korea-amid-coronavirus/story?id=69175021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2023, the [[Gunwi County]] of [[North Gyeongsang Province]] was integrated into Daegu. Daegu was the host city of the 22nd [[World Energy Congress]], the [[2011 World Championships in Athletics]] and the [[2003 Summer Universiade]].<ref name="22nd SUMMER UNIVERSIADE">FISU [http://www.fisu.net/en/Daegu-2003-321.html 22nd SUMMER UNIVERSIADE] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814162901/http://www.fisu.net/en/Daegu-2003-321.html |date=2011-08-14 }} Retrieved 2011-10-12</ref> It also hosted four matches in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]].

=== Mosque controversy ===
In December 2020, the construction of a [[mosque]] in Daehyeon-dong for a Muslim community of 80-150 members comprising mainly staff and students of a local university, resulted in opposition from nearby residents who complained about the change in land use without prior consultation.<ref name="clash">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/16/1176506770/mosque-project-tests-south-koreas-tolerance-for-increasing-diversity |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=2023-05-16 |accessdate=2023-05-17 |language=en-US |title=Mosque project tests South Korea's tolerance for increasing diversity |last=Kuhn |first=Anthony |work=[[All Things Considered]]}}</ref><ref>[https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=328375 Mosque construction triggers standoff in Daegu] May 3, 2022. Korea Times</ref> Construction was halted in 2021 by the district administrative office (having originally been approved by the same office) after residents voiced concerns. 

This suspension was later judged by The National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK) to be based on discrimination and prejudice against Muslims. Insulting and offensive messages, considered by the NHRCK as akin to hate-speech, and the heads of pigs displayed within glass-fronted refrigerators, were subsequently left near the mosque construction site; the identity and precise motive of the culprits remain uncertain.<ref name="pig">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/24/1176132837/south-korea-mosque-muslim-students-tensions |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en-US |date=2023-05-24 |accessdate=2023-05-24 |title=Muslims in South Korea want to build a mosque. Neighbors protest and send pig heads |first=Se Eun |last=Gong <!--I believe this is how her name is alphabetized, as Korean names have predictable syllables and I think the order is Westernized. Please fix if I'm wrong-->}}</ref> 

Due to proximity to the mosque and its being seen as an intentional insult to Islam and the Muslim community, local residents were strongly criticized for holding a social barbeque/picnic in their neighborhood in which pork (the most frequently eaten red meat in South Korea) was served. The approval for change of land use within a residential area without consultation with local residents indicates a failure by the local district office to adequately support both communities, and the authorities to mediate effective communication between the two groups. 

Notably, the Muslim community did not disseminate information to the local residents on its plans, despite local awareness of Muslim worship within a house on the site since 2014, and general acceptance of what some residents saw as night-time disturbance during the time of Ramadan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=328375 | title=Mosque construction triggers standoff in Daegu | date=3 May 2022 }}</ref> Since the dispute began however, dialogue between the local residents and the Muslim community has been hampered by third parties in Korea, according to the Muslim community spokesperson.<ref name="pig" /> As of May 2023, construction was underway; differences had not been resolved.<ref name="pig" />