Editing Dallas (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Dallas}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Cram Dallas, Texas 1890 UTA.jpg|thumb|George C. Cram's 1890 map of Dallas|left]]

Indigenous tribes in [[North Texas]] included the [[Caddo]], [[Tawakoni]], [[Wichita people|Wichita]], [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]] and [[Comanche]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/fort-worth/article267106456.html |title=Which indigenous tribes lived in North Texas? Find out with this interactive map |work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram |last=Cardona |first=Megan |date=October 10, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/curious-texas/2020/09/09/what-happened-to-native-american-tribes-that-once-existed-in-north-texas-curious-texas-investigates/ |title=What happened to Native American tribes that once existed in North Texas? Curious Texas investigates |work=The Dallas Morning News |first=Nataly |last=Keomoungkhoun |date=September 9, 2020 |access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dmagazine.com/frontburner/2021/11/tales-from-the-dallas-history-archives-honoring-native-american-heritage-month/ |title=Tales from the Dallas History Archives: Honoring Native American Heritage Month |work=D Magazine |last=Murray |first=Brandon |date=November 24, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref> Spanish colonists claimed the territory of Texas in the 18th century as a part of the Viceroyalty of [[New Spain]]. Later, France also [[French colonial empire|claimed the area]] but never established much settlement. In all, six flags have flown over the area preceding and during the city's history: those of France, Spain, and Mexico, the flag of the Republic of Texas, the Confederate flag, and the flag of the United States of America.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alvarado|first=Catherine|title=A brief history of the six flags over Texas — including the Confederate flag|url=https://www.statesman.com/news/20161012/a-brief-history-of-the-six-flags-over-texas--including-the-confederate-flag|access-date=August 14, 2020|website=Austin American-Statesman|language=en}}</ref>

In 1819, the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] between the United States and Spain defined the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] as the northern boundary of New Spain, officially placing the future location of Dallas well within Spanish territory.<ref name="bolton">{{cite book |last = Bolton |first = Herbert E. |author-link = Herbert Eugene Bolton |title = Athanase de Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier 1768–1780 |url = https://archive.org/details/athanasedemzire01mzgoog |publisher=Arthur H Clark Company |year = 1914 |location = Cleveland}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}} The area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when [[Mexican War of Independence|Mexico declared independence from Spain]], and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]]. In 1836, [[Texians]], with a majority of [[Anglo-Americans|Anglo-American]] settlers, [[Texas Revolution|gained independence from Mexico]] and formed the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref name="handbook_republic_of_texas">{{Handbook of Texas|id=mzr02|name=Republic of Texas|author=Joseph Milton Nance|retrieved=September 25, 2006}}</ref>

Three years after Texas achieved independence, [[John Neely Bryan]] surveyed the area around present-day Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/dallas_history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422183559/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/dallas_history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2006|title=Dallas Historical Society: Dallas History|date=April 22, 2006|access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> In 1839, accompanied by his dog and a Cherokee he called Ned, he planted a stake in the ground on a bluff located near three forks of the Trinity River and left.<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2017/05/17/dallas-became-dallas | newspaper = [[The Dallas Morning News]] | via = dallasnews.com | date = May 17, 2017 | title = The story of how Dallas became Dallas you probably haven't heard | first = Edward | last = McPherson | access-date = May 23, 2019}}</ref> Two years later, in 1841, he returned to establish a permanent settlement named Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 22, 2006|title=Dallas Historical Society: Dallas History|url=http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/dallas_history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422183559/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/dallas_history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2006|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> The [[History of Dallas (1839–1855)#Establishment|origin of the name]] is uncertain. The official historical marker states it was named after Vice President [[George M. Dallas]] of [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. However, this is disputed. Other potential theories for the origin include his brother, [[Alexander J. Dallas (United States Navy officer)|Commodore Alexander James Dallas]], as well as brothers Walter R. Dallas and James R. Dallas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/news/local_news/stringer---how-did-dallas-get-its-name/article_10df5bb3-45e1-5e6d-abf4-cc5b233cab15.html|title=Stringer – How did Dallas get its name?|last=Stringer|first=Tommy|work=Corsicana Daily Sun|access-date=September 27, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Origin of the Name Dallas|author=Dallas City Hall|url=https://dallascityhall.com/government/citysecretary/archives/Pages/Archives_DallasNameOrigin.aspx|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> A further theory gives the ultimate origin as the village of [[Dallas, Moray]], Scotland,{{efn|If this theory is correct, the name is derived from [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''Dalais'', the etymology of which is in turn uncertain but may be from a [[Pictish language|Pictish]] term that roughly translates to "meadow abode".}} similar to the way [[Houston]], Texas, was named after [[Sam Houston]], whose ancestors came from the Scottish village of [[Houston, Renfrewshire]].

The Republic of Texas was [[Texas annexation|annexed by the United States in 1845]] and Dallas County was established the following year. Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1856.<ref name="handbook_dallas2"/> In the mid-1800s, a group of French Socialists established [[La Réunion (Dallas)|La Réunion]], a short-lived community, along the Trinity River in what is now West Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keranews.org/post/1800s-french-socialists-came-dallas-and-built-utopia-collapsed-immediately|title=In The 1800s, French Socialists Came To Dallas And Built A Utopia That Collapsed Immediately|last=Kuo|first=Stephanie|website=Keranews.org|date=October 23, 2017|language=en|access-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Postcard of crowd two hours after the lynching of Allen Brooks in 1910.jpg|thumb|A postcard of the [[lynching]] of Allen Brooks in [[Downtown Dallas]], 1910|left]]
With the construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and was booming by the end of the 19th century. It became an industrial city, attracting workers from [[Texas]], the South, and the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. The [[Praetorian Building]] in Dallas of 15 stories, built in 1909, was among the first [[skyscrapers]] west of [[Mississippi River|the Mississippi]] and the tallest building in Texas for some time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dallas' Tallest|url=https://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/1996/october/dallas-tallest/|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=D Magazine|date=October 1996 |language=en}}</ref> It marked the prominence of Dallas as a city. A racetrack for [[thoroughbred]]s was built and their owners established the Dallas Jockey Club. Trotters raced at a track in Fort Worth, where a similar drivers club was based. The rapid expansion of population increased competition for jobs and housing.

In 1910, a white mob of hundreds of people [[Lynching|lynched]] a black man, [[Lynching of Allen Brooks|Allen Brooks]], accused of raping a little girl. The mob tortured Brooks, then killed him at the downtown [[Main Street District, Dallas|intersection of Main and Akard]] by [[hanging]] him from a decorative archway inscribed with the words "Welcome Visitors". Thousands of Dallasites came to gawk at the torture scene, collecting keepsakes and posing for photographs.<ref name="Minutaglio">{{cite book |last=Minutaglio |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Minutaglio |date=2021 |title=A Single Star and Bloody Knuckles: A History of Politics and Race in Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYcHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |location= |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=85–86 |isbn=9781477310366}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timeline.com/allen-brooks-dallas-lynching-4fc9132ee422 |title=In downtown Dallas, a crowd of 5,000 watched this black man get lynched—and they took souvenirs |last=Dillard |first=Coshandra |date=October 15, 2017 |website=Timeline |access-date=July 17, 2021 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721070429/https://timeline.com/allen-brooks-dallas-lynching-4fc9132ee422 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1921, the Mexican president [[Álvaro Obregón]] along with the former revolutionary general visited Downtown Dallas's Mexican Park in [[Little Mexico]]; the small park was on the corner of Akard and Caruth Street, site of the current Fairmont Hotel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Villasana|first1=Sol|title=Dallas's Little Mexico|year=2011|publisher=Arcadia|isbn=978-0-7385-7979-5|page=71}}</ref> The small neighborhood of Little Mexico was home to a Latin American population that had been drawn to Dallas by factors including the [[American Dream]], better living conditions,<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2015|title=In Dallas, A New Generation Learns The History Of Little Mexico And Pike Park|url=https://www.keranews.org/education/2015-07-31/in-dallas-a-new-generation-learns-the-history-of-little-mexico-and-pike-park|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=KERA News|language=en}}</ref> and the Mexican Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 14, 2018|title=Dallas' Little Mexico is nearly gone in Uptown, but here's what remains|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/03/14/dallas-little-mexico-is-nearly-gone-in-uptown-but-heres-what-remains/|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=Dallas News|language=en}}</ref>
Despite the onset of the [[Great Depression]], business in construction was flourishing in 1930. That year, [[Columbus Marion "Dad" Joiner]] struck oil {{convert|100|mi|km|-1}} east of Dallas in [[Kilgore, Texas|Kilgore]], spawning the East [[Texas Oil Boom|Texas oil boom]]. Dallas quickly became the financial center for the oil industry in Texas and [[Oklahoma]].<ref name="historicalsociety">[[Dallas Historical Society]] - [http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/dallas_history.htm Dallas History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422183559/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/dallas_history.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}. Retrieved on 21 April 2006</ref>

During [[World War II]], Dallas was a major manufacturing center for military automobiles and aircraft for the United States and Allied forces. Over 94,000 jeeps and over 6,000 military trucks were produced at the Ford plant in East Dallas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ford assembly plant in East Dallas |date=June 1998 |url=https://lakewood.advocatemag.com/1998/06/01/ford-influence/ |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021104749/https://lakewood.advocatemag.com/1998/06/01/ford-influence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> North American Aviation manufactured over 18,000 aircraft at their plant in Dallas, including the [[North American T-6 Texan|T-6 Texan]] trainer, [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang]] fighter, and [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAF Webinar: The History of the North American Aviation Plant in Dallas |date=November 4, 2015 |url=http://warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/caf-webinarthe-history-north-american-aviation-plant-dallas.html |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018161910/http://warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/caf-webinarthe-history-north-american-aviation-plant-dallas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:JFK Motorcade GettyImages-517330536.jpg|thumb|President [[John F. Kennedy]] riding in a [[Convertible|convertible car]] outside Dallas, along with his wife, [[Jackie Kennedy|Jacqueline]], and others inside, minutes before [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|he was assassinated]]|left]]
On November 22, 1963, [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy was assassinated]] on Elm Street while his [[Presidential state car (United States)#Kennedy X-100 (1961–1977)|motorcade]] passed through [[Dealey Plaza]] in Downtown Dallas.<ref>[[Louis Stokes|Stokes, Louis]] (1979). [https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ "Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives"]. (Pg. 21) Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.</ref> The upper two floors of the building from which the Warren Commission reported [[Assassination|assassin]] [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] shot Kennedy have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 15, 2016|title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Chapter 1: Summary and Conclusions|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-1|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=National Archives|language=en}}</ref> Kennedy was pronounced dead at Dallas [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]] just over 30 minutes after the shooting.

On July 7, 2016, [[2016 shooting of Dallas police officers|multiple shots were fired at a Black Lives Matter protest in Downtown Dallas]], held against the police killings of two black men from other states. The gunman, later identified as Micah Xavier Johnson, began firing at police officers at 8:58&nbsp;p.m., killing five officers and injuring nine. Two bystanders were also injured. This marked the deadliest day for U.S. law enforcement since the [[September 11 attacks]]. Johnson told police during a standoff that he was upset about recent police shootings of black men and wanted to kill whites, especially white officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/dallas-county/five-officers-killed-in-downtown-dallas-ambush/287-266881573|title=Five officers killed in downtown Dallas ambush|website=WFAA|date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=March 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/08/dallas-police-shooting-gunman-kill-white-officers|title=Dallas shooting suspect stated he wanted to 'kill white officers'|last1=Dart|first1=Oliver Laughland Tom|date=July 8, 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 28, 2019|last2=Dallas|first2=Jon Swaine in|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Washington|first3=David Smith in}}</ref> After hours of negotiation failed, police resorted to a robot-delivered bomb, killing Johnson inside [[Dallas College El Centro Campus]]. The shooting occurred in an area of hotels, restaurants, businesses, and residential apartments only a few blocks away from Dealey Plaza.