Editing Dead air (section)

==Radio and television==
Dead air occurs in [[radio broadcasting]] when no audio program is transmitted for an extended period of time, usually more than a few seconds. In [[television broadcasting]], the term denotes the absence of both audio and video program material. However, a [[carrier wave]] is still transmitting.  In radio, the result is silence, and in television, the result is a silent black or gray screen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Modulation and Radio Building Blocks: How does modulation work?|url=http://www.taitradioacademy.com/topic/how-does-modulation-work-1-1/|website=Radio Academy|date=22 October 2014 |access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Dead air|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (online) |year=2015 |publisher= Merriam-Webster |location= Springfield, MA, USA |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dead+air |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=OxfordDefn>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Dead air|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries (online) |year=2015 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford, OXF, GBR |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/dead-air?q=dead+air |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150720215409/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/dead-air?q=dead+air |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 20, 2015 | access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref>

Television directors may use the command "fade to black" or "to black" to indicate a momentary transition to a completely black image.<ref name="Bognar2017">{{cite book|author=Desi Bognar|title=International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aqk0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=8 September 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-05401-3|pages=48–}}</ref> However, the term "dead air" is most often used in cases where program material comes to an unexpected halt, either through operator error or technical malfunction. Among professional broadcasters, dead air is considered one of the worst things that can occur.<ref name="EastmanFerguson2014">{{citation|author1=Susan Tyler Eastman|author2=Douglas A. Ferguson|author3=Robert Klein|title=Media Promotion & Marketing for Broadcasting, Cable & the Internet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5fcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=20 June 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-136-02482-5|pages=128–}}</ref> Moreover, dead air may impact advertising revenue if it affects the airplay of paid commercials.<ref name=":0" />

The term "dead air" does not refer to a broadcast [[transmitter]] that is intentionally shut down, i.e. "closed", "[[sign-off|signed off]]" or "[[off the air]]", by a control operator.  Such a broadcast transmitter is said to have gone "[[dark (broadcasting)|dark]]".<ref name="JonesLayer2013">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K9N1TVhf82YC&pg=PA2007 National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook: NAB Engineering Handbook]''. Taylor & Francis; 26 April 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-136-03410-7}}. p. 2007–.</ref><ref name="Henderson2006">Harry Henderson. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=khWmwVWzu0IC&pg=PA84 Communications and Broadcasting: From Wired Words to Wireless Web]''. Infobase Publishing; December 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-5748-1}}. p. 84–.</ref>