Editing December 12 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[627]] &ndash; [[Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]]: A [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army under Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Emperor [[Khosrau II]]'s [[Sasanian Empire|Persian]] forces, commanded by [[Rhahzadh|General Rhahzadh]].<ref>{{citation | last = Kaegi | first = Walter Emil | author-link=Walter Kaegi | title = Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-521-81459-1|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC&pg=PA161 161–162]}}</ref>
*[[1388]] &ndash; [[Maria of Enghien]] sells the lordship of [[Argos and Nauplia]] to the [[Republic of Venice]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter = The Morea, 1364–1460 | last = Topping | first = Peter | title=A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries | editor-first=Harry W. | editor-last=Hazard |year=1975 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press | location = Madison, Wisconsin | chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=div&did=History.CrusThree.i0017 | isbn = 0-299-06670-3|page=153}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1787]] &ndash; [[Pennsylvania]] becomes the second state to ratify the [[US Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-U-S-states-by-date-of-admission-to-the-Union-2130026|title=List of U.S. states' dates of admission to the union|website=Britannica.com|access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref>
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: {{USS|Cairo}} sinks on the [[Yazoo River]].<ref>{{cite DANFS   | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/cairo.html  | title = Cairo  | publisher = Naval History and Heritage Command   | access-date = 8 January 2020  | ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS}}  }}</ref>
*[[1866]] &ndash; [[Oaks explosion]]: The worst mining disaster in England kills 361 miners and rescuers.<ref>{{Citation  | last = Embleton  | first = T W  | title = Notes on the Oaks Colliery explosion, of the 12th December, 1866, and on the subsequent explosions  | journal = North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers: Transactions  | volume = XXV  | year = 1876  | place = Newcastle-Upon-Tyne  | pages = 29–40  | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112061193097;view=1up;seq=105  | access-date = 8 January 2020}}</ref>
*[[1870]] &ndash; [[Joseph Rainey|Joseph H. Rainey]] of [[South Carolina]] becomes the second black [[United States Congress|U.S. congressman]].<ref>{{CongBio|id=R000016|name=RAINEY, Joseph Hayne, (1832 - 1887)|inline=yes}}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1901]] &ndash; [[Guglielmo Marconi]] receives the first transatlantic radio signal (the letter "S" [•••] in Morse Code), at [[Signal Hill, St. John's|Signal Hill]] in [[St John's, Newfoundland]].<ref>[[Jack Belrose|Belrose, John S.]] (5 September 1995) "[http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century]". International Conference on 100 Years of Radio.</ref>
*[[1915]] &ndash; [[Yuan Shikai]] declares the establishment of the [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] and proclaims himself [[Emperor of China|Emperor]].<ref>[[Jonathan Spence|Spence, Jonathan D.]] (1999) ''[[The Search for Modern China]]'', [[W.W. Norton and Company]]. p.&nbsp;274. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref>
*[[1917]] &ndash; Father [[Edward J. Flanagan]] founds [[Boys Town (organization)|Boys Town]] as a farm village for wayward boys.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmint.gov/learn/coin-and-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/boys-town-centennial|title=Boys Town Centennial Commemorative Coin Program|website=usmint.gov  |date=19 September 2016 | access-date = 8 January 2020}}</ref>
*[[1935]] &ndash; The [[Lebensborn]] Project, a Nazi reproduction program, is founded by [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Albanese|first=Patrizia|title=Mothers of the Nation: Women, Families and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9ivwlTAiQkC&pg=PA37|year=2006|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-8020-9015-7|page=37  | access-date = 8 January 2020}}</ref>
*[[1936]] &ndash; The beginning of [[Xi'an Incident|Xi'an incident]]. As a result, [[Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai Shek]] is captured.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barnouin |first1=Barbara |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674290112/ |title=Zhou Enlai: A Political Life |last2=Yu |first2=Changgen |date=2006 |publisher=The Chinese University Press |location=Hong Kong |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>
*[[1937]] &ndash; [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: [[USS Panay incident|USS ''Panay'' incident]]: [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] aircraft bomb and sink U.S. gunboat {{USS|Panay|PR-5|6}} on the [[Yangtze]] river in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/wwii/wwii-pacific/pre-us-enty/1937-december-12-japanese-attack-on-uss-panay.html|title=1937: December 12: Japanese attack on USS Panay (PR-5)|website=NHHC}}</ref>
*[[1939]] &ndash; {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}} sinks after a collision with {{HMS|Barham|04|6}} off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4373.html|title=HMS Duchess (H 64) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the D class - Allied Warships of WWII|website=uboat.net}}</ref>
*  1939   &ndash; [[Winter War]]: The [[Battle of Tolvajärvi]], also known as the first major [[Finland|Finnish]] victory in the Winter War, begins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Tolvajärvi, 12 December 1939 |url=http://www.winterwar.com/Battles/Tolvaj.htm |website=Winterwar.com |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212065935/http://www.winterwar.com/Battles/Tolvaj.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[1941]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: Fifty-four [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[A6M Zero]] fighters raid [[Batangas]] Field, [[Philippines]]. [[Jesús Villamor]] and four [[Philippine|Filipino]] fighter pilots fend them off; [[César Basa]] is killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paf.mil.ph/updatedhistory.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051016/http://www.paf.mil.ph/updatedhistory.html|archive-date=April 29, 2014|title=Philippine Air Force :: Official Website|date=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
*  1941   &ndash; [[The Holocaust]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] declares the imminent extermination of the Jews at a [[Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941|meeting in the Reich Chancellery]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Aly | first = Götz | author-link = Götz Aly | title = December 12, 1941 | journal = Berliner Zeitung | date = 13 December 1997 | url = http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/der-historiker-christian-gerlach-belegt--dass-hitler-an-diesem-tag-die-grundsatzentscheidung-zur-vernichtung-aller-europaeischen-juden-traf-der-12--dezember-1941-16327054 | access-date = 8 January 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in German)</ref>
*[[1945]] &ndash; The [[People's Republic of Korea]] is outlawed in the [[South Korea|South]], by order of the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea]].<ref name="Buzo_2002">{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge|  location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=57}}</ref>
*[[1946]] &ndash; [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 13]] relating to acceptance of Siam (now [[Thailand]]) to the [[United Nations]] is adopted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/13(1946)|title=S/RES/13(1946) - E - S/RES/13(1946)|website=undocs.org}}</ref>
*[[1956]] &ndash; [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 121]] relating to acceptance of [[Japan]] to the United Nations is adopted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/121(1956)|title=S/RES/121(1956) - E - S/RES/121(1956)|website=undocs.org}}</ref>
*[[1963]] &ndash; [[Kenya]] declares independence from Great Britain.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kenya Independence - 1963 {{!}} Today In History {{!}} 12 Dec 18| date=12 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sj_UletH80|language=en|access-date=2021-12-12}}</ref>
*[[1969]] &ndash; The [[Piazza Fontana bombing]]; a bomb explodes at the headquarters of [[Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura]] (the National Agricultural Bank) in Piazza Fontana in Milan, Italy, killing 17 people and wounding 88. The same afternoon, three more bombs are detonated in Rome and Milan, and another is found unexploded.<ref name="bull">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDexzkoW1twC&dq=piazza+fontana+bombing&pg=PR10|title=Ending Terrorism in Italy|first1=Anna Cento|last1=Bull|first2=Philip|last2=Cooke|date=June 7, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-04080-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[1979]] &ndash; The 8.2 {{M|w}} [[1979 Tumaco earthquake|Tumaco earthquake]] shakes [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent''), killing 300–600, and generating a large tsunami.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/4863|title=Significant Earthquake Information|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|year=1972 |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>
*1979 &ndash; [[Coup d'état of December Twelfth]] occurs in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wudunn |first1=Sheryl |title=South Korea Indicts 2 Former Presidents in Staging of 1979 Coup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/22/world/south-korea-indicts-2-former-presidents-in-staging-of-1979-coup.html |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=22 December 1995}}</ref>
*[[1985]] &ndash; [[Arrow Air Flight 1285R]], a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-8]], crashes after takeoff in [[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador|Gander, Newfoundland]], killing all 256 people on board, including 236 members of the United States Army's [[101st Airborne Division]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=36YyAAAAIBAJ&pg=1624%2C659619 |newspaper=The Citizen |location=Ottawa, Canada |agency=The Canadian Press |title=258 killed in Gander plane crash |date=December 12, 1985 |page=1}}</ref>
*[[1988]] &ndash; The [[Clapham Junction rail crash]] kills thirty-five and injures hundreds after two collisions of three commuter trains&mdash;one of the worst train crashes in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|year=1989|title=Investigation of the Clapham Junction Railway Accident|publisher=[[Department of Transport]] |last=Hidden |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Hidden |isbn=978-0-10-108202-0 |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_Hidden001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016211020/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_Hidden001.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-16 |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2012 }}</ref>
*[[1999]] &ndash; A [[1999 Luzon earthquake|magnitude 7.3 earthquake]] hits the Philippines's main island of [[Luzon]], killing six people, injuring 40, and causing power outages that affected the capital [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009jr8/executive|title=M 7.3 - 14 km WNW of Bolitoc, Philippines|website=earthquake.usgs.gov|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
*[[2000]] &ndash; The [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] releases its decision in ''[[Bush v. Gore]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/00-949.htm|title=Search - Supreme Court of the United States|website=supremecourt.gov}}</ref>
*[[2001]] &ndash; [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]] [[Phan Văn Khải]] announces the decision on upgrading the Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng nature reserve to a [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park|national park]], providing information on projects for the conservation and development of the park and revised maps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision by the Vietnamese Prime Minister on establishment of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park|url=http://www.nea.gov.vn/luat/toanvan/QD_189-2001_QD-TTg.htm|publisher=nea.gov|date=12 December 2001|access-date=24 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122015357/http://www.nea.gov.vn/luat/toanvan/QD_189-2001_QD-TTg.htm|archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; [[North Korea]] successfully [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|launches its first satellite]], [[Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/north-korea-launches-long-range-missile/story?id=17939423|title=US Calls North Korea Rocket Launch a 'Provocative Act'|last=Riviera|first=Gloria|author2=Joohee Cho |author3=Akiko Fujita |date=12 December 2012|work=ABC News|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>
*[[2015]] &ndash; The [[Paris Agreement]] relating to [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] is adopted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/ |title=Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris |last1=Sutter |first1=John D. |last2=Berlinger |first2=Joshua |date=12 December 2015 |publisher=CNN |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212145741/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/ |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-12/france-presents-ambitious,-balanced-draft-climate-agreement/7023712|work=ABC Australia|title=Paris climate talks: France releases 'ambitious, balanced' draft agreement at COP21|date=12 December 2015}}</ref>
*[[2021]] &ndash; Dutch [[Formula One]] racing driver [[Max Verstappen]] wins the controversial [[2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]], beating seven-time World Champion [[Lewis Hamilton]] to become the first Formula One World Champion to come from [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-12 |title=Max Verstappen beats Lewis Hamilton to F1 world title on last lap in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/dec/12/f1-max-verstappen-wins-abu-dhabi-gp-lewis-hamilton |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
*[[2024]] &ndash; Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] became the undisputed [[World Chess Championship 2024|World Chess Champion]] in a tournament held in Singapore, making him the 18th and the [[List of youngest grandmasters|youngest champion]] in chess history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gukesh D crowned 18th FIDE World Champion |url=https://worldchampionship.fide.com/tpost/g7m18a87j1-gukesh-d-crowned-18th-fide-world-champio |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=worldchampionship.fide.com}}</ref>