Editing Deception (section)

== Types ==

=== Communication ===
[[File:Witkiewicz Deception of woman.jpg|thumb|''Deception of woman, with self-portrait'' by [[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz]], 1927 ([[National Museum, Warsaw]])]]
The [[Interpersonal deception theory|Interpersonal Deception Theory]] explores the interrelation between communicative context and sender and receiver cognitions and behaviors in deceptive exchanges.

Some forms of deception include:
* [[Lie]]s: making up information or giving information that is the opposite or very different from the truth.<ref name=":12">{{cite book |last=Griffith |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Griffith |year=2011 |title=The Book of Real Answers to Everything! – Why do people lie? |isbn=978-1-74129-007-3 |url=http://www.worldtransformation.com/why-do-people-lie/ }}</ref>
* [[Equivocation]]s: making an indirect, ambiguous, or contradictory statement.
* [[Lying by omission|Concealments]]: omitting information that is important or relevant to the given context, or engaging in behavior that helps hide relevant information.
* [[Exaggerations]]: overstatement or stretching the truth to a degree.
* [[Minimisation (psychology)|Understatements]]: minimization or downplaying aspects of the truth.<ref name="Guerrero, Andersen, & Afifi, 2007" />
* Untruths: misinterpreting the truth.

Buller and Burgoon (1996) have proposed three taxonomies to distinguish motivations for deception based on their Interpersonal Deception Theory:
* Instrumental: to avoid punishment or to protect resources
* Relational: to maintain relationships or bonds
* Identity: to preserve "face" or the self-image<ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Buller |first1=D. B. |last2=Burgoon |first2=J. K. |title=Interpersonal Deception Theory |journal=Communication Theory |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1996 |pages=203–242 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00127.x |s2cid=146464264 }}</ref>

=== Appearance ===

==== Mimicry ====
In the biological world, mimicry involves deception by similarity to another organism, or to a natural object. Animals for example may deceive predators or prey by [[visual]], [[Sound|auditory]] or other means.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/science/mimicry | title=Mimicry &#124; Definition & Examples &#124; Britannica }}</ref>

==== Camouflage ====
{{Main|Camouflage}}
[[File:Young red necked wallaby.jpg|thumb|upright|This [[wallaby]] has adaptive colouration which allows it to blend with its environment.]]

The [[camouflage]] of a physical object often works by breaking up the visual boundary of that object. This usually involves colouring the camouflaged object with the same colours as the background against which the object will be hidden.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/camouflage | title=Definition of CAMOUFLAGE }}</ref>

[[Military camouflage]] as a form of visual deception is a part of many campaigns.

==== Disguise ====
{{Main|Disguise}}
Disguises are used to create the impression of a false appearance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disguise | title=Definition of DISGUISE }}</ref> A seventeenth-century story collection, Zhang Yingyu's ''[[The Book of Swindles]]'' (ca. 1617), offers multiple examples of the bait-and-switch and fraud techniques involving the stimulation of greed in Ming-dynasty China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-book-of-swindles/9780231178631|title=Book of Swindles|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=September 2017 |isbn=978-0-231-54564-8 |last1=Zhang |first1=Yingyu }}</ref>