Editing Decolonization (section)

==Scope==
The [[United Nations]] (UN) states that the [[Human rights|fundamental right]] to [[self-determination]] is the core requirement for decolonization, and that this right can be exercised with or without political independence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html|title=Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century|website=United Nations University|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18|quote="The decolonization agenda championed by the United Nations is not based exclusively on independence. There are three other ways in which an NSGT can exercise self-determination and reach a full measure of self-government (all of them equally legitimate): integration within the administering power, free association with the administering power, or some other mutually agreed upon option for self-rule. [...] It is the exercise of the human right of self-determination, rather than independence per se, that the United Nations has continued to push for."|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717205732/https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples|UN General Assembly Resolution in 1960]] characterised colonial foreign rule as a violation of human rights.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Getachew |first=Adom |title=Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17915-5 |pages=14, 73–74 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg |jstor=j.ctv3znwvg}}</ref><ref name="UN">{{cite web |author=Adopted by General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) |date=14 December 1960 |title=Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-granting-independence-colonial-countries-and-peoples |publisher=The United Nations and Decolonisation}}</ref> In states that have won independence, [[Indigenous decolonization|Indigenous people]] living under [[settler colonialism]] continue to make demands for decolonization and self-determination.<ref>{{Cite thesis|first=Audrey Jane|last=Roy|title=Sovereignty and Decolonization: Realizing Indigenous Self-Determinationn at the United Nations and in Canada|publisher=University of Victoria|year=2001|access-date=2019-10-19|url=https://iportal.usask.ca/index.php?sid=601141574&id=30516&t=details}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ortiz |first=Roxanne Dunbar |url=http://archive.org/details/indiansofamerica00orti |title=Indians of the Americas : human rights and self determination |date=1984 |publisher=New York : Praeger Publishers, Inc. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-03-000917-4 |pages=278 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shrinkhal |first=Rashwet |date=March 2021 |title="Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal |journal=AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=71–82 |doi=10.1177/1177180121994681 |s2cid=232264306 |issn=1177-1801 |quote=For them, indigenous sovereignty is linked with identity and right to [[self determination]]. Self determination should be understood as power of peoples to control their own destiny. Therefore for indigenous peoples, right to self determination is instrumental in the protection of their human rights and struggle for self-governance.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allard-Tremblay |first1=Yann |last2=Coburn |first2=Elaine |date=May 2023 |title=The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=359–378 |doi=10.1177/00323217211018127 |s2cid=236234578 |issn=0032-3217|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although discussions of [[hegemony]] and power, central to the concept of decolonization, can be found as early as the writings of [[Thucydides]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lebow |first1=Richard Ned |last2=Kelly |first2=Robert |date=2001 |title=Thucydides and Hegemony: Athens and the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097762 |journal=Review of International Studies |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=593–609 |doi=10.1017/S0260210501005939 |jstor=20097762 |issn=0260-2105}}</ref> there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times. These include the [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization of Africa]], the [[Spanish American wars of independence|breakup of the Spanish Empire]] in the 19th century; of the [[German Empire|German]], [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], and [[Russian Empire]]s following [[World War I]]; of the [[British Empire|British]], [[French colonial empire|French]], [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]], [[Italian Empire|Italian]], and [[Japanese colonial empire|Japanese Empires]] following [[World War II]]; and of the [[Soviet Union]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strayer |first1=Robert W. |title=Decolonization, Democratization, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective |journal=Journal of World History |date=2001 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=375–406 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2001.0042 |s2cid=154594627 }}</ref>

Early studies of decolonisation appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. An important book from this period was ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961) by Martiniquan author [[Frantz Fanon]], which established many aspects of decolonisation that would be considered in later works. Subsequent studies of decolonisation addressed economic disparities as a legacy of colonialism as well as the annihilation of people's cultures. [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] explored the cultural and linguistic legacies of colonialism in the influential book ''[[Decolonising the Mind]]'' (1986).<ref name=":6" />

"Decolonization" has also been used to refer to the [[Decolonization of knowledge|intellectual decolonization]] from the colonizers' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions|last=Prasad|first=Pushkala|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47369-5|location=London|oclc=904046323}}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/sabrin_mohammed_201305_phd.pdf|title=Exploring the intellectual foundations of Egyptian national education|last=Sabrin|first=Mohammed|date=2013|hdl=10724/28885}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options|last=Mignolo|first=Walter D.|date=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5060-6|location=Durham|oclc=700406652}}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref> Issues of decolonization persist and are raised contemporarily. In the [[Americas]] and [[South Africa]], such issues are increasingly discussed under the term [[decoloniality]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsocialtheory.org/topics/decoloniality/|title=Decoloniality|website=Global Security Theory |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/africas-student-movements-history-sheds-light-on-modern-activism-111003|title=Africa's student movements: history sheds light on modern activism|last1=Hodgkinson|first1=Dan|last2=Melchiorre|first2=Luke|website=The Conversation|date=18 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>