Editing Delta Upsilon (section)

==History==

===Founding and early history===
[[File:Williams College - West College.JPG|thumb|left|Delta Upsilon's mother chapter was founded in 1834 in the West College building (pictured) at Williams College.]]

Delta Upsilon was founded in 1834, when thirty freshman, sophomore, and junior students at [[Williams College]] met in the Freshman Recitation Room at the West College building to form what was then called "the Social Fraternity".<ref name="six">{{cite book |last=Baird |first=William |date=1905|title=Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities |url=https://archive.org/stream/bairdsmanualame00unkngoog#page/n0/mode/2up |publisher=Alcolm |pages=165–168 |access-date=15 December 2014 |edition=6th }}</ref><ref name="Williams" /><ref name="hund" /> The move was in response to the establishment of [[Kappa Alpha Society]] and [[Sigma Phi]] at the college and, unlike those fraternities, the Social Fraternity was avowedly anti-secret. Its founding came at the tail-end of [[Anti-Masonic Party|the anti-Masonic hysteria]] that had recently swept the United States, though the idea that it was part of the popular backlash to [[Freemasonry]] has generally been rejected (a mysterious fire in 1841 destroyed the records of the first meeting of the Social Fraternity, erasing much of the organization's early history).<ref name="newed">{{cite book |last=Robson |first=John |date=1968 |title=Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities |publisher=George Banta Company |page=281 |edition=18th }}</ref>

Growth of the Social Fraternity (whose members were informally called the "Oudens") was exponential. By 1838 two-thirds of all students at Williams belonged to the society which engaged in militant agitation against the other two fraternities. One particularly violent incident occurred in 1839 when Oudens assaulted the Kappa Alpha house, driving its occupants to the top of Consumption Hill. More refined conflict took the form of pamphlets and debate. An 1855 debate proposed by Kappa Alpha against the Oudens was called-off after the Social Fraternity appointed [[James Garfield]], an Ouden well known for his rhetorical skills, to represent them.<ref name="Williams">{{cite book |last=Spring |first=Leverett  |date=1917 |title=A History of Williams College |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorywilliam00sprigoog |publisher=Houghton Mifflin  |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorywilliam00sprigoog/page/n328 286]–287 }}</ref>

In November 1847 Williams' Social Fraternity met with similar societies that had recently been formed at [[Union College]], [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]], and [[Amherst College]] and formed the "Anti-Secret Confederation". A second meeting of the Anti-Secret Confederation (A.S.C.) in 1852 saw fraternities from [[Wesleyan University]], [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Colby College]], and the [[University of Vermont]] join.<ref name="six" />

At the 1862 convention, the fraternity's mother chapter, Williams, declared the purposes of the fraternity had been corrupted and, over the objections of the other chapters, withdrew. Two years later it dissolved itself. A chapter would eventually be restored. However, Williams being the first chapter and, therefore, self-chartering, this would come in the form of a new chapter and not the revival of the original. It was permanently erased when Williams College banned all fraternities in 1962.<ref name="Williams" /><ref name="hund"/>
[[File:Kōjirō Matsukata at Rutgers.jpg|thumb|[[Kōjirō Matsukata]] (bottom right), the son of [[Matsukata Masayoshi|Prince Matsukata]], was initiated into Delta Upsilon at [[Rutgers University]] in 1885.]]
The March 1864 convention of the A.S.C. saw the organization formally change its name to Delta Upsilon, standardize insignia and ritual throughout all its member chapters, and establish a centralized administrative structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deltau.org/nosecrets/history/fromtroubledtimesnewstrengths|title=From Troubled Times, New Strengths|website=deltau.org|publisher=Delta Upsilon fraternity|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215205438/http://www.deltau.org/nosecrets/history/fromtroubledtimesnewstrengths|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Abandoning "anti-secrecy"===
In 1879, Delta Upsilon formally disavowed its policy of anti-secrecy, instead adopting a program of what it described as "non-secrecy".<ref name="six" /> According to Delta Upsilon, the reason for this change was because it had been absolutely victorious in its battle against secrecy, "the character of the secret societies so altered, that hostility toward them decreased".<ref name="cornerstone" />

This explanation has been more skeptically received by some, with one period observer caustically noting that Delta Upsilon "reveals very little more of what it does than the latter [secret fraternities]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cyclopædia of Fraternities|last=Stevens|first=Albert|date=1907|publisher=E.B. Treat and Co.|page=331}}</ref> Others commented that chapter meetings were closed to all but initiated members and the fraternity was now practicing selective pledging and initiation, in contrast to its earliest days at Williams. Therefore, it was proffered, the description of the fraternity as a "private" society rather than a "non-secret" one might be more accurate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Porter |first=J.A. |date=February 1889 |title=College Fraternities |newspaper=[[The Century Magazine]] }}</ref> ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', meanwhile, poetically attributed the official change of position as due to "the sheer exhaustion of those that heretofore have maintained a vigorous tilt at the windmill for exercise's sake, on finding that the windmill stands the attack much better than they".<ref>{{cite news |date=6 February 1884 |title=Secret Societies in Colleges |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1884/2/6/secret-societies-in-colleges-the-formal/ |newspaper=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |access-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> Writing in 2013, Benjamin Wurgraft of the [[New School for Social Research]] commented that Delta Upsilon's changes made it "nothing more than another fraternity—a rival for pledges rather than a force for unity".<ref>{{cite book |last=Wurgraft |first=Benjamin |date=2013 |title=Jews at Williams: Inclusion, Exclusion, and Class at a New England Liberal Arts College |publisher=[[Williams College]] |page=68 |isbn=978-1611684353 }}</ref>
[[File:Charles Evans Hughes in National Portrait Gallery IMG 4575.JPG|thumb|[[Chief Justice of the United States]] Charles Evans Hughes served as president of Delta Upsilon and oversaw its incorporation.]]

===20th century===
[[File:DURUSHTACOMA.png|thumb|right|Delta Upsilon members from the [[University of Washington]] chapter attend a rush party aboard the [[Tacoma (steamship)|SS ''Tacoma'']] in 1916.]]

At the turn of the century the fraternity's growth plateaued due, in part, to opposition from a group of chapters to what was seen as the lessening of the fraternity's standards through colonization.<ref name="hund" /> In 1898, Delta Upsilon joined the recent trend of fraternity expansion into Canada by chartering a chapter at [[McGill University]] in [[Montreal, Quebec, Canada|Montreal]]. However, most expansion in this period came in the form of the annexation of established local fraternities. [[Zeta Chi]] at [[Baker University]] was one local which unsuccessfully petitioned for annexation by Delta Upsilon.<ref>{{cite book |date=1926 |title=Petition of the Zeta Chi Fraternity of Baker University to the Delta Upsilon Fraternity |publisher=Zeta Chi }}</ref> In 1909, [[Charles Evans Hughes]] led the [[Incorporation (business)|incorporation]] of the fraternity.<ref name="hund"/>

By 1920 the fraternity had grown to 44 chapters. Gen. [[John Arthur Clark]], the celebrated former commander of the [[The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada|Seaforth Highlanders]] and a [[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] from [[Vancouver]], was elevated to "international president", the fraternity's penultimate office, in 1944, holding it for three consecutive terms. Clark became the first Canadian to hold the Delta Upsilon presidency.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 October 1943 |title=Heads Fraternity |newspaper=Lethbridge Herald }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=Spring 1976 |title=John Arthur Clark 1886-1976 |url=http://issuu.com/deltaupsilon/docs/quarterlyspring1976 |newspaper=Delta Upsilon Quarterly }}</ref>

In the 1950s, former Delta Upsilon international president Horace G. Nichol served as president of the [[North American Interfraternity Conference]] (NIC).<ref name="newed" /> He was recognized for his work leading the NIC with the NIC Gold Medal in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nicindy.org/previous-recipients.html |title=Previous Recipients |website=ncindy.org |publisher=North American Interfraternit Conference |access-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216204438/http://www.nicindy.org/previous-recipients.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref>

The turbulence the Greek system experienced in the middle 20th century began for Delta Upsilon in 1956. That year's sitting of the Undergraduate Convention was dissolved by emergency action of DU leadership to "prevent open dissension" in the wake of the election of an African-American as president of the Brown University chapter. The election had been denounced by a number of the fraternity's new southern chapters.<ref name="bdh" />
[[File:McGill University, Stained Glass War Memorial.jpg|thumb|Stained glass at McGill University's Redpath Library shows St. George coated in the [[tabard]] of Delta Upsilon. It commemorates 23 McGill members of Delta Upsilon killed in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8286 |title=Memorial Number: 24075-047 |last1=Edwards |first1=Victoria |website=forces.gc.ca |publisher=National Defence Canada Directorate of History and Heritage |access-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101437/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8286 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/gps/funding/students-postdocs/students/mackenzie |title=Mackenzie King Scholarships |website=mcgill.ca |publisher=[[McGill University]] }}</ref>]]
By 1986 Delta Upsilon had 88 active chapters, increasing to a high of 92 in 1991.<ref name="bnine" /> During the 1990s chapters at [[Rutgers University]], [[Cornell University]], [[Oklahoma State University]], the [[University of Nebraska]] and [[Union College]] were closed or placed on probation after it was revealed pledges at those houses had been [[Human branding|branded]], [[Paddle (spanking)|paddled]], and forced to eat garbage, among other things.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 1991 |title=Campus Life: Rutgers; Two Fraternities Are Suspended For Violations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/17/nyregion/campus-life-rutgers-two-fraternities-are-suspended-for-violations.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Killackey |first=Jill |date=13 December 1990 |title=Ban for "Despicable' Hazing Stands |url=http://newsok.com/ban-for-despicable-hazing-stands/article/2341068 |newspaper=[[Daily Oklahoman]] |location=[[Norman, OK]] |access-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 May 1995 |title=Union Suspends Students|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=19950527&id=7hQxAAAAIBAJ&pg=2834,6217634 |newspaper=Daily Gazette |access-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Friedman |first=Jordan |date=20 September 2011 |title=Strahine Shares Hazing Experiences |url=http://www.emorywheel.com/archive/detail.php?n=30085 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141217174506/http://www.emorywheel.com/archive/detail.php?n=30085 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2014 |newspaper=Emory Wheel |access-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref>

===21st century===
Beginning in 2009 the Fraternity implemented a series of changes that radically reshaped the organization. The fraternity closed a quarter of its chapters for poor performance, including risky behaviors, poor grades, and weak service records. Then it opened a similar number of new chapters under the close guidance of the national organization. The fraternity doubled its staff, from 11 to 22 and added new employees with advanced degrees in higher education or nonprofit management. The fraternity placed an emphasis on the number of members attending educational programming, including international service work and today more than half of undergraduate members participate in at least one educational program per year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Change-at-4-Fraternities/232083/|title=Change at 4 Fraternities|date=3 August 2015|work=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> Among the chapters targeted for closure was one of the fraternity's longest enduring chapters, the 120-year-old Technology chapter at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="pr" /> Though the shuttering of the Technology chapter was for what fraternity officials would only describe as inappropriate behavior, ''[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]]'' reported an investigation by Delta Upsilon had allegedly uncovered a prohibited "secret ritual" that had been performed by the chapter for the preceding 70 years. Officers of the Technology chapter, which one account described had a "growing distance from [the] international fraternity", rejected the charges, though acknowledged they had effectively stopped participating in the fraternity's programs.<ref name="tech">{{cite news |last=Bent |first=Drew |date=2 December 2014 |title=Behind the suspension of MIT Delta Upsilon |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V134/N58/du/du.htm |newspaper=The Tech }}</ref> In denying an appeal for restoration of the chapter, Delta Upsilon headquarters explained that they had "been working in coordination with university staff" but had been unable to reach a solution by which the chapter could continue at MIT.<ref name="pr">{{cite web|url=http://www.deltau.org/nosecrets/media/pressreleases|title=Delta Upsilon International Fraternity Suspends Technology Chapter|website=deltau.org|publisher=Delta Upsilon International Fraternity|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215205610/http://www.deltau.org/nosecrets/media/pressreleases|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="tech" />

On March 28, 2009, Delta Upsilon established its 152nd chapter, and the second of the 21st century, at [[Webster University]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. The initiation was significant as it was the first time in more than a century that Delta Upsilon established a chapter at a school where no previous [[fraternities and sororities]] existed.<ref>{{cite news | title=Webster Chapter Installed | year=2009 | publisher=Delta Upsilon Fraternity | url =http://issuu.com/deltaupsilon/docs/du_quarterly__summer_2009 | work =DU Quarterly | pages =7 | access-date = 2009-07-29}}</ref>

===Secessionist chapters===

====University of Vermont====
In 1854 the University of Vermont chapter, which was named [[Delta Psi (University of Vermont)|Delta Psi]], severed its connections with the Anti-Secret Confederation. The cause of separation is lost to history with Delta Upsilon's own records recording that the exit of Delta Psi is "from causes unknown to us". A Delta Psi historian later claimed the withdrawal was due to the expenses the fraternity was incurring sending delegates to the meetings of the Anti-Secret Confederation.<ref name="six" /><ref name="hund">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Thomas |date=1934 |title=Delta Upsilon One Hundred Years 1834-1934 |publisher=Delta Upsilon }}</ref> It has also been speculated that Delta Psi felt local pressure in maintaining the A.S.C.'s militant stance against secret ritual; after separating from the A.S.C. it began to undertake secret work. (Delta Upsilon has maintained that it does not consider members of Delta Psi during the period it was affiliated with the A.S.C. to also be members of Delta Upsilon, the separation being so total that the "action removed all its members from membership in the Delta Upsilon fraternity".)<ref name="thomas">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=John |date=2005 |title=University of Vermont |publisher=Arcadia |page=30 |isbn=0738537772 }}</ref><ref name="DU">{{cite book |last=Chase |first=William |date=1884 |title=The Delta Upsilon Quinquennial Catalogue |publisher=Delta Upsilon |page=320 }}</ref>

Delta Psi continued as a very successful local fraternity for 150 years after leaving Delta Upsilon. During this period, DU avoided attempts to colonize the University of Vermont. In 2014, ten years after the collapse of Delta Psi, Delta Upsilon entered the Burlington campus for the first time since its split with Delta Psi, chartering a colony.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olsen |first=Sarah |date=30 September 2014 |title=New Fraternity to Join UVM |url=http://www.vtcynic.com/2014/09/new-fraternity-to-join-uvm/ |newspaper=The Vermont Cynic |location=[[Burlington, VT]] |access-date=12 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213061113/http://www.vtcynic.com/2014/09/new-fraternity-to-join-uvm/ |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref>

====Harvard University====
[[File:Fly Club, Harvard University, 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Delta Upsilon's first Harvard chapter revolted, disaffiliated, and ultimately merged with the Fly Club, whose clubhouse is pictured. A more recent colonization attempt proved similarly disastrous.]]
When the fraternity incorporated in 1909 it adopted a new constitution. The Harvard chapter immediately set-forth its views that the new constitution had been illegitimately enacted and had overly vested control in the professional leadership, undermining the ability of the chapters to democratically express themselves. Though a number of other chapters initially signaled support for the Harvard position, a proposed amendment to the new document failed. In 1915 the Harvard chapter stopped paying dues to the fraternity. A further shot across the bow of the international fraternity came when Harvard requested headquarters stop sending copies of the ''Delta Upsilon Quarterly'' because they "littered up the house". Open revolt came when the international fraternity tried to impose discipline on Harvard. Harvard responded by declaring it didn't recognize the authority of DU headquarters as Delta Upsilon had ceased to exist in 1909.<ref name="hund" /> Delta Upsilon sued its rebellious chapter whose leaders included toy heir [[F.A.O. Schwarz Jr.]]<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 1924 |title=D. U. Members in Court On Dispute Over Clubhouse |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1924/3/28/d-u-members-in-court-on/ |newspaper=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Following the courtroom triumph of the DU headquarters, it expelled the rebellious members and initiated a hand-picked pledge class to continue the chapter.<ref name="hund" /> Its victory was short-lived, though, as the recreated chapter itself voted to disaffiliate from Delta Upsilon. The secessionist group legally reconstituted itself as "the D.U. Club", taking the chapter roll book with them, and existed as a successful [[finals club]] for many decades on the Harvard campus. In 1995, the D.U. Club closed after an assault of a football recruit occurred at its clubhouse.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Lewin |date=March 18, 1995 |title=Final Club Closed After Recruit Is Beaten In Fight |journal=The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1995/3/18/final-club-closed-after-recruit-is/}}</ref>  The D.U. Club's alumni board voted to merge its alumni with the [[Fly Club]].<ref>{{cite news |date=March 1998 |title=An Accident Waiting to Happen? |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/1999/03/jhj.accident.html |newspaper=[[Harvard Magazine]] |access-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Granade |first=Matthew |date=6 June 1996 |title=Fly and D.U. Final Clubs Decide to Merge Assets, Alumni Membership |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/6/fly-and-du-final-clubs-decide/ |newspaper=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref>

After several decades of patient waiting for the D.U. Club to pass, Delta Upsilon chartered yet another chapter at Harvard. The new chapter was installed in 1999, four years after the D.U. Club had merged with the Fly Club. It unraveled faster than its predecessors, however. In 2005 the six-year-old Delta Upsilon chapter voted to disaffiliate from the fraternity. It has continued under the name "Oak Club" and currently claims more than 100 alumni who, it says, embody "many of the original DU principles".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theoakclub.org/history |title=History |website=theoakclub.org |publisher=The Oak Club |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

====Bowdoin College====

Delta Upsilon's chapter at [[Bowdoin College]] disaffiliated in the 1950s, reforming as a local known as Delta Sigma. The decision came after the chapter had admitted a black Bowdoin student as a member and was ordered by DU Headquarters to dismiss him. The chapter chose instead to disaffiliate.

====Brown University====

Delta Upsilon's chapter at [[Brown University]], which was organized in 1868, disaffiliated in 1967, reforming as a local known as Kappa Delta Upsilon (so named because it was the tenth chapter of Delta Upsilon and Kappa is the tenth letter of the Greek alphabet). The decision came after a decade of strained relations with the DU headquarters, originating in its decision to declare an emergency and dissolve the 1956 sitting of the Undergraduate Convention, a move it said was necessary to "prevent open dissension". (The preceding year, the Brown DU chapter had elected an [[African-American]] as chapter president causing the fraternity's new southern  chapters to threaten a boycott of the convention.) <ref name="bdh">{{cite news |last=Naline |first=Lai |date=7 February 1986 |title=KDU is Now Delta Upsilon |url=http://library.brown.edu/cds/dbdh/bdh_render.php?issue=1236283767342537&div=DIVL147&pid=0 |newspaper=Brown Daily Herald }}</ref><ref name="BROWN" /><ref name="DUQa">{{cite news |date=January 1986 |title=The President's Report |url=http://issuu.com/deltaupsilon/docs/quarterlywinter1986 |newspaper=Delta Upsilon Quarterly }}</ref>

Almost 20 years later, in 1986, the Brown chapter rejoined Delta Upsilon. Terry Bullock, then Delta Upsilon international president, wrote of the return of Brown that "there is no greater joy than the reconciliation of a family estranged for many years". The joy was short-lived, however, as the chapter again voted to disaffiliate in 1991, reverting to the name Kappa Delta Upsilon.<ref name="BROWN">{{cite web |url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=F0270 |title=Brunoniana |website=brown.edu |publisher=[[Brown University]] |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="DUQa" /> In 1996 Kappa Delta Upsilon was banned from campus for 5 years due to the circumstances surrounding a fire in its basement. It has yet to reestablish itself.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 1996 |title=Since Last Time |url=https://archive.org/stream/brownalumnimonth969brow#page/n3/mode/2up |newspaper=Brown Alumni Monthly }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Greek_Council/houses |title=Greek Houses |website=brown.edu |publisher=Brown University Greek Community |access-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221074129/http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Greek_Council/houses |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>

==="Four Founding Principles"===
The Fraternity's Four Founding Principles originated in the Preamble to the early Constitution of the Anti-Secret Confederation. They remained unchanged until the 1891 Convention undertook a complete revision of the Constitution, article-by-article. In the new revision, the old Preamble was completely stricken and the following text was added to Article 1, Section 2: "The objects of this Fraternity shall include the promotion of friendship, the exertion of moral influence, the diffusion of liberal culture, and the advancement of equity in college affairs. It shall be non-secret." This version remained with minor changes until around 1923, when the first printed example of the current version was published in that year's edition of the ''Manual of Delta Upsilon''.<ref name="hund" />

The "Four Founding Principles" are currently: the Advancement of Justice, the Promotion of Friendship, the Development of Character, and the Diffusion of Liberal Culture.<ref name="cornerstone" />