Editing Dependency grammar (section)

==History==
The notion of dependencies between grammatical units has existed since the earliest recorded grammars, e.g. [[Pāṇini]], and the dependency concept therefore arguably predates that of phrase structure by many centuries.<ref>Concerning the history of the dependency concept, see Percival (1990).</ref> [[Ibn Maḍāʾ]], a 12th-century [[linguist]] from [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], may have been the first grammarian to use the term ''dependency'' in the grammatical sense that we use it today. In early modern times, the dependency concept seems to have coexisted side by side with that of phrase structure, the latter having entered Latin, French, English and other grammars from the widespread study of [[term logic]] of antiquity.<ref>Concerning the influence of term logic on the theory of grammar, see Percival (1976).</ref> Dependency is also concretely present in the works of [[Sámuel Brassai]] (1800–1897), a Hungarian linguist, [[:de:Franz Kern (Philologe)|Franz Kern]] (1830–1894), a German philologist, and of [[Heimann Hariton Tiktin]] (1850–1936), a Romanian linguist.<ref>Concerning dependency in the works of Brassai, see Imrényi (2013). Concerning dependency in the works of Kern, see Kern's essays (e.g. Kern 1883, 1884). Concerning dependency in the works of Tiktin, see Coseriu (1980).</ref>

Modern dependency grammars, however, begin primarily with the work of Lucien Tesnière. Tesnière was a Frenchman, a [[polyglot]], and a professor of linguistics at the universities in Strasbourg and Montpellier. His major work ''Éléments de syntaxe structurale'' was published posthumously in 1959 – he died in 1954. The basic approach to syntax he developed has at least partially influenced the work of others in the 1960s, although it is not clear in what way these works were inspired by other sources.<ref>There are explicit references to Tesnière's work in Hays (1961), Hays (1962), Hays (1963) and [[Jane J. Robinson|Robinson]] (1970). 

In other papers, such as Hays (1960) and Gaifman (1965), there are no references to Tesnière's work. 

Nevertheless, it is not clear whether the earlier papers by Hays were also inspired by Tesnière or if he discovered the concept of dependency from other sources. In Hays (1963), he wrote that "the theory of dependency, as used here, is familiar to anyone who has studied grammar in school.". </ref> A number of other dependency-based grammars have gained prominence since those early works.<ref>Some prominent dependency grammars that were well established by the 1980s are from Hudson (1984), Sgall, Hajičová et Panevova (1986), Mel’čuk (1988), and Starosta (1988).</ref> DG has generated a lot of interest in Germany<ref>Some prominent dependency grammars from the German schools are from Heringer (1996), Engel (1994), Eroms (2000), and Ágel et al. (2003/6) is a massive two volume collection of essays on dependency grammar and valency theory from more than 100 authors.</ref> in both theoretical syntax and language pedagogy. In recent years, the great development surrounding dependency-based theories has come from [[computational linguistics]] and is due, in part, to the influential work that [[David G. Hays|David Hays]] did in machine translation at the [[RAND Corporation]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Dependency-based systems are increasingly being used to parse natural language and generate [[Treebank|tree banks]]. Interest in dependency grammar is growing at present, international conferences on dependency linguistics being a relatively recent development ([http://depling.org Depling 2011], [http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/depling13/ Depling 2013], [http://depling.org/depling2015/ Depling 2015], [http://www.depling.org/depling2017/call.html Depling 2017], [http://www.depling.org/depling2019/ Depling 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111358/http://www.depling.org/depling2019/ |date=2019-03-06 }}).