Editing Depression (mood) (section)

== Contributing factors ==
[[File:Allegory on Melancholy Met DP885774.jpg|thumb|Allegory on melancholy, from {{circa|1729}}–1740, etching and engraving, in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)]]

=== Life events ===
[[Adverse childhood experiences|Adversity in childhood]], such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or unequal parental treatment of siblings, can contribute to depression in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB | title = The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 693–710 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18602762 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 | s2cid = 2629673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pillemer K, Suitor JJ, Pardo S, Henderson C | title = Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Children | journal = Journal of Marriage and the Family | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–345 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20607119 | pmc = 2894713 | doi = 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x }}</ref> Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the survivor's lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG | title = Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = International Journal of Public Health | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 359–72 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24122075 | doi = 10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5 | s2cid = 24138761 }}</ref> People who have experienced four or more [[adverse childhood experiences]] are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression.<ref name="Anda2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH |date=April 2006 |title=The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=174–186 |doi=10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 |pmc=3232061 |pmid=16311898}}</ref> Poor housing quality, non-functionality, lack of [[Urban green space|green spaces]], and exposure to noise and air pollution are linked to depressive moods, emphasizing the need for consideration in planning to prevent such outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rautio |first1=Nina |last2=Filatova |first2=Svetlana |last3=Lehtiniemi |first3=Heli |last4=Miettunen |first4=Jouko |date=February 2018 |title=Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.1177/0020764017744582 |issn=0020-7640|doi-access=free |pmid=29212385 }}</ref> Locality has also been linked to depression and other negative moods. The rate of depression among those who reside in large urban areas is shown to be lower than those who do not.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stier |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Schertz |first2=Kathryn E. |last3=Rim |first3=Nak Won |last4=Berman |first4=Mark G. |title=Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=31 |date=August 2021 |pmid=34315817 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022472118|doi-access=free |pmc=8346882 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822472S }}</ref> Likewise, those from smaller towns and rural areas tend to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and psychological unwellness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Willroth |first1=Emily C. |last2=Graham |first2=Elieen K. |last3=Luo |first3=Jing |last4=Mrocezk |first4=Daniel K. |last5=Lewis-Thames |first5=Marquita W. |title=Rural–urban differences in personality traits and well-being in adulthood |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |date=February 2023 |pmc=10390645 |pmid=36725776 |doi=10.1111/jopy.12818}}</ref>

Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rotenstein |first1=Lisa S. |last2=Ramos |first2=Marco A. |last3=Torre |first3=Matthew |last4=Segal |first4=J. Bradley |last5=Peluso |first5=Michael J. |last6=Guille |first6=Constance |last7=Sen |first7=Srijan |last8=Mata |first8=Douglas A. |date=6 December 2016 |title=Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=21 |pages=2214–2236 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.17324 |pmc=5613659 |pmid=27923088}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mata |first1=Douglas A. |last2=Ramos |first2=Marco A. |last3=Bansal |first3=Narinder |last4=Khan |first4=Rida |last5=Guille |first5=Constance |last6=Di Angelantonio |first6=Emanuele |last7=Sen |first7=Srijan |date=8 December 2015 |title=Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=22 |pages=2373–83 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15845 |pmc=4866499 |pmid=26647259}}</ref><ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Pauline W. |date=7 October 2010 |title=Medical Student Distress and the Risk of Doctor Suicide |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/health/views/07chen.html |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

Life events and changes that may cause depressed mood includes, but are not limited to, childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, military service, family, living conditions, marriage, etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, or [[catastrophic injury]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt PJ | title = Mood, depression, and reproductive hormones in the menopausal transition | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 12B | pages = 54–8 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16414327 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Tariq |last2=Haider |first2=Ijaz |title=Life Events and Depression |journal=Annals of Punjab Medical College |date=31 January 2008 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.29054/apmc/2008.621 |doi-broken-date=21 November 2024 |url=https://apmcfmu.com/index.php/apmc/article/view/621 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mata DA, Ramos MA, Bansal N, Khan R, Guille C, Di Angelantonio E, Sen S | title = Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 314 | issue = 22 | pages = 2373–83 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26647259 | pmc = 4866499 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.15845 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIMH » Perinatal Depression|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression/index.shtml|access-date=29 October 2020|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327041425/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Postpartum Depression|url=https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=medlineplus.gov|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727211033/https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar depressive symptoms are associated with [[Survivor guilt|survivor's guilt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fimiani |first1=Ramona |last2=Gazzillo |first2=Francesco |last3=Dazzi |first3=Nino |last4=Bush |first4=Marshall |date=2022-07-03 |title=Survivor guilt: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical features |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0803706X.2021.1941246 |journal=International Forum of Psychoanalysis |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=176–190 |doi=10.1080/0803706X.2021.1941246 |issn=0803-706X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing a depressed mood following [[social rejection]], peer pressure, or bullying.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davey CG, Yücel M, Allen NB | title = The emergence of depression in adolescence: development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17570526 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016 | s2cid = 20800688 }}</ref>

==== Childhood and adolescence ====
{{Main|Depression in childhood and adolescence}}
Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults.<ref name="Birmaher">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, Dahl RE, Perel J, Nelson B |date=November 1996 |title=Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1427–1439 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011 |pmid=8936909 |s2cid=11623499}}</ref> Children who are under stress, experiencing loss, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with [[mental disorders]] outside of other mood disorders; most commonly [[anxiety disorder]] and [[conduct disorder]]. Depression also tends to run in families.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Depressed Child |url=https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/The-Depressed-Child-4.aspx |work=Facts for Families |issue=4 |publisher=The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |date=July 2013 }}</ref>

=== Personality ===
Depression is associated with low [[extraversion]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D | title = Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 136 | issue = 5 | pages = 768–821 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20804236 | doi = 10.1037/a0020327 }}</ref> and people who have high levels of [[neuroticism]] are more likely to experience depressive symptoms and are more likely to receive a diagnosis of a depressive disorder.<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J | title = Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 46 | issue = 14 | pages = 2883–2906 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27523506 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291716001653 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/895885 | s2cid = 23548727 | access-date = 5 July 2019 | archive-date = 29 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191229175420/https://zenodo.org/record/895885 | url-status = live }}</ref> Additionally, depression is associated with low [[conscientiousness]]. Some factors that may arise from low conscientiousness include disorganization and dissatisfaction with life. Individuals may be more exposed to stress and depression as a result of these factors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daze |first=Gilad |date=2022-03-08 |title=Explore the Impact of Depression Traits |url=https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/personality-traits-associated-with-depression/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=BrainsWay |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Side effect of medical treatment ===
It is possible that some early generation [[beta-blocker]]s induce depression in some patients, though the evidence for this is weak and conflicting. There is strong evidence for a link between [[alpha interferon]] therapy and depression. One study found that a third of alpha interferon-treated patients had developed depression after three months of treatment. (''Beta'' interferon therapy appears to have no effect on rates of depression.) There is moderately strong evidence that [[finasteride]] when used in the treatment of alopecia increases depressive symptoms in some patients. Evidence linking [[isotretinoin]], an acne treatment, to depression is strong.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogers D, Pies R | title = General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression  | journal = Psychiatry | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 28–41 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19724774 | pmc = 2729620 }}</ref> Other medicines that seem to increase the risk of depression include [[anticonvulsants]], [[antimigraine drug]]s, [[antipsychotics]] and [[Hormone therapy|hormonal agents]] such as [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Botts S, Ryan M |title=Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression |url=https://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/Suicidality/DID-Chapter18.aspx |pages=1–23 |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223035009/https://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/Suicidality/DID-Chapter18.aspx |archive-date=23 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Substance-induced ===
Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription [[benzodiazepine]]s), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and [[inhalants]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |author=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |location=Arlington, VA}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref>

=== Non-psychiatric illnesses ===
{{main|Depression (differential diagnoses)}}
Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, [[Nutritional deficiency|nutritional deficiencies]], neurological conditions, and physiological problems, including [[hypoandrogenism]] (in men), [[Addison's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[pernicious anemia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[Lyme disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[celiac disease]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zingone |first1=Fabiana |last2=Swift |first2=Gillian L |last3=Card |first3=Timothy R |last4=Sanders |first4=David S |last5=Ludvigsson |first5=Jonas F |last6=Bai |first6=Julio C |date=April 2015 |title=Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature |journal=United European Gastroenterology Journal |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=136–145 |doi=10.1177/2050640614560786 |issn=2050-6406 |pmc=4406898 |pmid=25922673}}</ref> chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and HIV.<ref>Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann {{ISBN|978-1437704341}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rustad JK, Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB |date=October 2011 |title=The relationship of depression and diabetes: pathophysiological and treatment implications |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1276–86 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005 |pmid=21474250 |s2cid=32439196}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Li M, Fitzgerald P, Rodin G |date=April 2012 |title=Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1187–96 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372 |pmid=22412144}}</ref>

Studies have found that anywhere from 30 to 85 percent of patients suffering from chronic pain are also clinically depressed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheng |first1=Jiyao |last2=Liu |first2=Shui |last3=Wang |first3=Yicun |last4=Cui |first4=Ranji |last5=Zhang |first5=Xuewen |title=The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain |journal=Neural Plasticity |date=2017 |volume=2017 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2017/9724371 |pmc=5494581 |pmid=28706741 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Surah |first1=A |last2=Baranidharan |first2=G |last3=Morley |first3=S |title=Chronic pain and depression |journal=Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain |date=April 2014 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=85–89 |doi=10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt046 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Alex |last2=Christelis |first2=Nicholas |last3=Arnold |first3=Carolyn |title=Depression and chronic pain |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |date=October 2013 |volume=199 |issue=S6 |pages=S17-20 |doi=10.5694/mja12.10589 |pmid=25370278 |s2cid=27576624 }}</ref> A 2014 study by Hooley et al. concluded that chronic pain increased the chance of death by suicide by two to three times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs |date=2022 |title=Managing Chronic Pain May Protect Against Suicide Risk |url=https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/suicide_prevention/docs/FSTP-Chronic-Pain.pdf}}</ref> In 2017, the British Medical Association found that 49% of UK chronic pain patients also had depression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Chronic pain: supporting safer prescribing of analgesics |url=https://www.bma.org.uk/media/2100/analgesics-chronic-pain.pdf |publisher=British Medical Association}}</ref>

As many as 1/3 of stroke survivors will later develop [[post-stroke depression]]. Because strokes may cause damage to the parts of the brain involved in processing emotions, reward, and cognition, stroke may be considered a direct cause of depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Medeiros |first1=Gustavo C. |last2=Roy |first2=Durga |last3=Kontos |first3=Nicholas |last4=Beach |first4=Scott R. |date=2020-09-01 |title=Post-stroke depression: A 2020 updated review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163834320300955 |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=66 |pages=70–80 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011 |pmid=32717644 |issn=0163-8343|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Psychiatric syndromes ===
{{Main|Mood disorder#Depressive disorders|l1=Depressive mood disorders}}
A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The [[mood disorder]]s are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include [[major depressive disorder]] (commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and [[dysthymia]], a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a [[major depressive episode]]. Another mood disorder, [[bipolar disorder]], features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, [[cognition]], and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gabbard G |title=Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders |edition=3rd |volume=2 |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |location=Washington, DC |page=1296}}</ref> Individuals with bipolar depression are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackel |first=Donna |date=2024-01-24 |title=Bipolar Depression vs. Unipolar Depression |url=https://www.bphope.com/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-bipolar-depression/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=bpHope.com |language=en-US}}</ref> When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a [[seasonal affective disorder]].

Outside the mood disorders: [[borderline personality disorder]] often features an extremely intense depressive mood; [[Adjustment disorder|adjustment disorder with depressed mood]] is a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;<ref>{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |author=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000 |isbn=978-0890420256 |page=355}}</ref> and [[posttraumatic stress disorder]], a mental disorder that sometimes follows [[Major trauma|trauma]], is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vieweg WV, Julius DA, Fernandez A, Beatty-Brooks M, Hettema JM, Pandurangi AK | title = Posttraumatic stress disorder: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 119 | issue = 5 | pages = 383–90 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16651048 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Inflammation ===
{{excerpt|Inflammation#|Connection to depression}}

=== Historical legacy ===
Research suggests possible associations between [[Neanderthal genetics]] and some forms of depression.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Whitley
 |first1               = David S.
 |editor-last1         = Henley
 |editor-first1        = Tracy B.
 |editor-last2         = Rossano
 |editor-first2        = Matt J.
 |editor-last3         = Kardas
 |editor-first3        = Edward P.
 |date                 = 24 July 2019
 |chapter              = The archaeology of madness
 |title                = Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology: Psychology in Prehistory
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=LjKoDwAAQBAJ
 |publication-place    = New York
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |page                 = 462
 |isbn                 = 9780429950032
 |access-date          = 13 December 2024
 |quote                = As Simonti et al. observed: 'The significant replicated association of Neanderthal SNPs [single nucleotide polymorphisms] with mood disorders, in particular depression, is intriguing since Neanderthal alleles are enriched near genes associated with long-term depression, and human–Neanderthal DNA and methylation differences have been hypothesized to influence neurological and psychiatric phenotypes. [...]' (2016, p. 737)
}} 
</ref>

Authors and researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of [[racism]] and [[colonialism]] may create depressive conditions.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cvetkovich A |title=Depression: A Public Feeling |date=2012 |publisher=Duke University Press Books |location=Durham, NC |isbn=978-0-8223-5238-9 | quote = As a story about gaps in the historical record, ''Lose Your Mother'' sheds light on the gaps in my own efforts to track the relation between depression and the histories of slavery, genocide, and colonialism that lie at the heart of the founding of U.S. culture. I want depression, too, to be considered part of the 'afterlife of slavery,' but it can be hard to trace the connections between contemporary everyday feelings (especially those of white middle-class people) and the traumatic violence of the past - they might emerge as ghosts or feelings of hopelessness, rather than as scientific evidence or existing bodies of research or material forms of deprivation. [...] ''Lose Your Mother'' not only puts the category of depression in contact with histories of racism and colonialism but also lends itself to being read as a text of political depression. | pages = 126–127}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=William T.L. |last2=Abramson |first2=Lyn Y. |last3=Devine |first3=Patricia G. |last4=Hollon |first4=Steven D. |title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=427–449 |date=September 2012 |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204 |pmid=26168502 |s2cid=1512121 | quote = Social psychologists fighting prejudice and clinical psychologists fighting depression have long been separated by the social–clinical divide, unaware that they were facing a common enemy. Stereotypes about others leading to prejudice (e.g., Devine, 1989) and schemas about the self leading to depression (e.g., A. T. Beck, 1967) are fundamentally the same type of cognitive structure.
}} {{Closed access}}</ref> Given the lived experiences of marginalized peoples, ranging from conditions of [[Human migration|migration]], [[class stratification]], [[cultural genocide]], [[labor exploitation]], and [[social mobility|social immobility]], depression can be seen as a "rational response to global conditions", according to [[Ann Cvetkovich]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cvetkovich|first1=Ann|title=Depression: A Public Feeling|date=2012|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham, NC|isbn=978-0822352389|oclc=779876753|page=25|quote=…the histories of genocide, slavery, and exclusion and oppression of immigrants that seep into our daily lives of segregation, often as invisible forces that structure comfort and privilege for some and lack of resources for others, inequities whose connection to the past frequently remain obscure. These are depressing conditions, indeed, ones that make depression seem not so much a medical or biochemical dysfunction as a very rational response to global conditions.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn9jSPVRcDMC&pg=PA25}}</ref>

Psychogeographical depression overlaps somewhat with the theory of "deprejudice", a portmanteau of "depression" and "[[prejudice]]" proposed by Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon in 2012,<ref name=Cox2012>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=William T.L. |last2=Abramson |first2=Lyn Y. |last3=Devine |first3=Patricia G. |last4=Hollon |first4=Steven D. |title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=427–49 |date=September 2012 |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204 |pmid=26168502 |s2cid=1512121 }} {{Closed access}}</ref> who argue for an integrative approach to studying the often comorbid experiences. Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon are concerned with the ways in which social [[stereotype]]s are often [[Internalisation (sociology)|internalized]], creating negative [[Self-stereotyping|self-stereotypes]] that then produce depressive symptoms.

Unlike the theory of "deprejudice", a psychogeographical theory of depression attempts to broaden study of the subject beyond an individual experience to one produced on a societal scale, seeing particular manifestations of depression as rooted in dispossession; historical legacies of [[genocide]], [[slavery]], and colonialism are productive of segregation, both material and psychic material deprivation,<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Ta-Nehisi Coates| url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ | title=The Case for Reparations | magazine=The Atlantic | date=June 2014}}</ref> and concomitant circumstances of violence, systemic exclusion, and lack of access to legal protections. The demands of navigating these circumstances compromise the resources available to a population to seek comfort, health, stability, and sense of security. The historical memory of this [[psychological trauma|trauma]] conditions the psychological health of future generations, making psychogeographical depression an [[Transgenerational trauma|intergenerational]] experience as well.{{cn|date=December 2024}} 

This work is supported by recent studies in genetic science which has demonstrated an [[epigenetic]] link between the trauma suffered by [[Holocaust survivor]]s and genetic reverberations in subsequent generations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yehuda |first1=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |last3=Bierer |first3=Linda M. |last4=Bader |first4=Heather N. |last5=Klengel |first5=Torsten |last6=Holsboer |first6=Florian |last7=Binder |first7=Elisabeth B. |title=Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation |journal=Biological Psychiatry |date=August 12, 2015| volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=372–380 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 |pmid=26410355 |doi-access=free}} {{Closed access}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2016}}