Editing Detection dog (section)

==Functions==
[[File:Shestovytsia after battle, 19 April 2022 (03).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian [[sapper]] with a [[demining|landmine finder]] dog [[Patron (dog)|Patron]] in [[Ukraine]] after battle during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion]]]]
[[File:Knapweed Nightmare noxious weed detection dog wearing GPS tracking harness.jpg|thumb|[[Knapweed Nightmare]] noxious weed detection dog wearing GPS tracking harness]]

Detection dogs have been trained to search for many things, both animate and inanimate, including:

* [[Bed bug]]s
* [[Canine cancer detection|Cancer]]
* [[Currency]] (e.g. large amounts of money carried by passengers in airports that should be declared to [[customs service|customs]])
* [[Drug]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/04/02/sniffer-dogs-can-help-enhance-fight-against-drug-traffickers-says-trainer/ |title=Sniffer dogs can help enhance fight against drug traffickers, says trainer |date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
* [[Endangered species|Endangered animal species]] (e.g., [[black-footed ferret]])<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1435:EOSDID]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4134282 |year=2006 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1435–9 |title=Efficacy of Scent Dogs in Detecting Black-Footed Ferrets at a Reintroduction Site in South Dakota |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |last1=Reindl-Thompson |first1=Sara A. |last2=Shivik |first2=John A. |last3=Whitelaw |first3=Alice |last4=Hurt |first4=Aimee |last5=Higgins |first5=Kenneth F. |s2cid=53534532 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1433&context=icwdm_usdanwrc|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Anthony |title=The nose knows |journal=New Scientist |date=24 August 2013}}</ref> 
* [[Explosives]]
* [[Fire accelerant]]s (e.g., [[arson]] investigation) 
* [[Firearm]]s
* Gourmet fungi, such as [[truffle]]s (e.g. French black truffle (''[[Tuber melanosporum]]''), Italian white truffle (''[[Tuber magnatum]]''), [[chanterelle]]s (''[[Cantharellus cibarius]]''), porcini (''[[Boletus edulis]]''), [[Morchella|morel]]s (''[[Morchella esculenta]]''), and other varieties of mushroom.
* [[Cadaver|Human remains]]
* [[Invasive species]] (e.g., [[quagga mussel]])<ref>{{cite web |title=CADA Home Page |url=https://www.cadafiredogs.com/ |publisher=Canine Accelerant Detection Association (CADA) |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> 
* [[Ivory]]
* [[Mobile phone]]s (e.g. as [[contraband]] in prisons)<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Jessica |title=Prisons enlist dogs to keep out phones: Canines part of effort to keep contraband out of state facilities |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=10 July 2008}}</ref>
* [[Mold (fungus)|Mold]]<ref name="WP_Molddog">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A31541-2004Aug25.html |title=You Can Teach a Mold Dog New Tricks |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=26 August 2004 |access-date=23 April 2016 |author=Dietsch, Deborah K.}}</ref>
* Plants, animals, [[produce]], and agricultural items that have to go through customs
* [[SIM card|SIM cards]]<ref name="Locke"/>
* [[Termite]]s
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[USB flash drive|USB drives]]<ref name="Locke">{{cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/tiere/spuerhund-artus-usb-hund-koennte-im-fall-luegde-entscheidende-hinweise-liefern-16067269.html |title=Spürhund Artus: Ritter der Schnüffelhunde |last=Locke |first=Stefan |journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Magazin |access-date=2019-03-02 |language=de |issn=0174-4909}}</ref>
* [[Wildlife]] [[feces|scat]]

Sniffer dogs can be trained to locate small infestations of invasive and non-native weeds. The world's first [[Spotted Knapweed]] K-9 detection program successfully completed field-testing for [[Montana State University]] in 2004. Upon completion of the testing, [[Knapweed Nightmare]] was finding low densities of non-native invasive knapweed rosettes in the field with a 93% overall success rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/training/your-dogs-ability-to-track-scents/ |title=Your Dog's Ability To Track Scents |year=2005 |publisher=Whole Dog Journal |access-date=10 January 2005}}</ref> She followed it up with 98% in the final trials in open fields, demonstrating that dogs can effectively detect low densities of invasive plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1350/ |title=Using Canines to Detect Spotted Knapweed: Field Surveys & Characterization of Plant Volatiles |year=2010 |publisher=Goodwin, Kim Marie |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref>

Detection dogs are able to discern individual scents even when the scents are combined or masked by other odors. In 2002, a detection dog foiled a woman's attempt to smuggle marijuana into an Australian prison in [[Brisbane]]. The marijuana had been inserted into a balloon, which was smeared with [[coffee]], [[black pepper|pepper]], and [[petroleum jelly]] and then placed in her bra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sims |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Sims |title=In the Womb: Animals |year=2009 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=9781426201752 |page=46 |chapter=DVDs and Marijuana}}</ref>

===Bed bug detection dogs===
Detection dogs are often specially trained by handlers to identify the scent of [[bed bug]]s. With the increased focus on green pest management and [[integrated pest management]], as well as the increase in global travel and shared living accommodations, bed bugs have become more prevalent. Detecting bed bugs is a complicated process because insects have the ability to hide almost anywhere. Detection dogs help solve this problem because of their size, speed, and sense of smell. Detection dogs use their unique ability to smell in parts per trillion in order to track bed bugs in every phase of their life cycle. They can find bugs in places humans cannot such as wall voids, crevices, and furniture gaps. Dogs are also a safer alternative to pesticide use. If detection dogs can find out exactly where bed bugs are located, they can minimize the area that needs to be sprayed.

The [[National Pest Management Association]] released their "Bed Bug Best Management Practices" <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedbugbmps.org/ |title=NPMA Bed Bugs Best Management Practices website home page |year=2011 |publisher=[[National Pest Management Association]] |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> in 2011 which outlines the minimum recommendations regarding not only treatment, but the certification and use of bed bug detection canines.  The NPMA's Best Management Practices emphasizes the importance of having bed bug detection dog teams certified by third party organizations who are not affiliated to the trainer or company that sold the canine.

Scientists at the [[University of Kentucky]] reviewed studies on bed bug detection dogs and concluded that although expensive for operators, they are a reliable source as long as they undergo the proper training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icup.org.uk/reports%5CICUP859.pdf |title=BATTLING BED BUGS IN THE USA |last1=Potter |first1=Michael F |last2=Romero |first2=Alvero |publisher=International Conference on Urban Pests |last3=Haynes |first3=Kenneth F |access-date=5 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000336/http://icup.org.uk/reports/icup859.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> In another study, detection dogs had a 97.5% correct positive indication rate on identifying bed bugs (''[[Cimex lectularius]]'') and their eggs – with zero false positives – all while accurately distinguishing them from [[carpenter ant]]s, [[Blattella germanica|cockroach]]es, and [[Reticulitermes flavipes|termites]]. They also successfully differentiated live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces with a 95% correct positive indication rate.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Choe |first2=Dong-Hwan |last3=Sutherland |first3=Andrew M. |last4=Tabuchi |first4=Robin L. |last5=Moore |first5=Sara E. |last6=Lewis |first6=Vernard R. |year=2013 |title=Researchers combat resurgence of bed bug in behavioral studies and monitor trials |journal=California Agriculture |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=172–8 |doi=10.3733/ca.v067n03p172 |last1=Tsutsui |first1=Neil D. |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Bed bug detection dogs should be certified by a national organization like the World Detector Dog Organization (WDDO) or the National Entomology Scent Detection Canine Association (NESDCA). There are a few independent K9 bed bug inspection companies that have multiple certifications.

===Wildlife scat detection===
[[Feces|Scat]] is abundant in the wild and contains valuable data.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wasser |first1=S K |last2=Risler |first2=L |last3=Wasser |first3=L M |year=1986 |title=Use of techniques to extract steroid hormones from primate feces |journal=Primate Report |volume=14 |pages=194–195}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last2=Monfort |first2=S. L. |last3=Wildt |first3=D. E. |year=1991 |title=Rapid extraction of faecal steroids for measuring reproductive cyclicity and early pregnancy in free-ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) |journal=Reproduction |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=415–23 |doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0920415 |pmid=1886098 |last1=Wasser |first1=S. K. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wildlife scat detection represents a fairly non-invasive method of study for many species where live-capture once predominated. Compared with other methods of scat collection, dogs are able to survey larger areas in less time at decreased costs.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Davenport |first2=Barbara |last3=Ramage |first3=Elizabeth R |last4=Hunt |first4=Kathleen E |last5=Parker |first5=Margaret |last6=Clarke |first6=Christine |last7=Stenhouse |first7=Gordon |year=2004 |title=Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: Application to grizzly and black bears in the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=475–92 |doi=10.1139/z04-020 |last1=Wasser |first1=Samuel K|bibcode=2004CaJZ...82..475W }}</ref> Research shows that detection dogs can find laboratory rats and mice in a large rodent-free area of {{convert|32|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gsell |first1=Anna |last2=Innes |first2=John |last3=Monchy |first3=Pim de |last4=Brunton |first4=Dianne |date=22 March 2010 |title=The success of using trained dogs to locate sparse rodents in pest-free sanctuaries |journal=Wildlife Research |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.1071/WR09117 |issn=1448-5494}}</ref> Some specific types of feces that detection dogs have had success in identifying include [[killer whale]] feces,<ref name="auto"/> [[Northern Spotted Owl|northern spotted owl]] pellets,<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Hayward |first2=Lisa S. |last3=Hartman |first3=Jennifer |last4=Booth |first4=Rebecca K. |last5=Broms |first5=Kristin |last6=Berg |first6=Jodi |last7=Seely |first7=Elizabeth |last8=Lewis |first8=Lyle |last9=Smith |first9=Heath |year=2012 |title=Using Detection Dogs to Conduct Simultaneous Surveys of Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) and Barred Owls (Strix varia) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=e42892 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742892W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042892 |pmc=3419739 |pmid=22916175 |last1=Wasser |first1=Samuel K. |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[salamander]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/new-mexico/stories-in-new-mexico/conservation-canines-come-to-new-mexico/ |title=New Mexico Shelter Dogs Come to the Rescue for Rare Salamanders |publisher=The Nature Conservancy |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

===COVID-19 detection===

Some countries have trained dogs to detect COVID-19. Australia has been using some of these in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-09-07/sniffer-dogs-detecting-covid/100436934 |title=Job of sniffing out COVID cases given to canine recruits |newspaper=ABC News |date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

Researchers in Paris in March 2022 reported in a preprint not yet peer-reviewed that trained dogs were very effective for rapidly detecting the presence of SARS-Cov2 in people, whether displaying symptoms or not. The dogs were presented with sweat samples to smell from 335 people, of whom 78 with symptoms and 31 without tested positive by PCR. The dogs detected 97% of the symptomatic and 100% of the asymptomatic infections. They were 91% accurate at identifying volunteers who were not infected, and 94% accurate at ruling out the infection in people without symptoms. The authors said "Canine testing is non-invasive and provides immediate and reliable results. Further studies will be focused on direct sniffing by dogs to evaluate sniffer dogs for mass pre-test in airports, harbors, railways stations, cultural activities, or sporting events."<ref>{{citation |last1=Grandjean |first1=Dominique |last2=Elie |first2=Caroline |last3=Gallet |first3=Capucine |last4=Julien |first4=Clotilde |last5=Roger |first5=Vinciane |last6=Desquilbet |first6=Loïc |last7=Alvergnat |first7=Guillaume |last8=Delarue |first8=Séverine |last9=Gabassi |first9=Audrey |last10=Minier |first10=Marine |last11=Choupeaux |first11=Laure |last12=Kerneis |first12=Solen |last13=Delaugerre |first13=Constance |last14=Le Goff |first14=Jérôme |last15=Treluyer |first15=Jean-Marc |title=Diagnostic Accuracy of Non-Invasive Detection of Sars-Cov-2 Infection by Canine Olfaction |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |date=8 March 2022 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0268382 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0268382|doi-access=free |medrxiv=10.1101/2022.03.07.22271219 |pmid=35648737 |pmc=9159600 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1768382G |s2cid=247291441}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dogs Sniff Out Coronavirus With High Accuracy |agency=Reuters |website=Medscape |date=10 March 2022 |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/970028?uac=88149SY&faf=1&sso=true&impID=4142618&src=mkm_ret_220406_mscpmrk_psych_pets }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>