Editing Distributed cognition (section)

==Early research==
[[John Milton Roberts]] thought that [[social organization]] could be seen as cognition through a [[community]] {{Harv|Roberts|1964}}. He described the cognitive aspects of a society by looking at the present information and how it moves through the people in the society.

[[Daniel L. Schwartz]] (1978) proposed a distribution of cognition through culture and the distribution of beliefs across the members of a society.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}

In 1998, Mark Perry from [[Brunel University London]] explored the problems and the benefits brought by distributed cognition to "understanding the organisation of information within its contexts." He considered that distributed cognition draws from the [[Information processing (psychology)|information processing]] metaphor of cognitive science where a [[system]] is considered in terms of its inputs and outputs and tasks are decomposed into a [[problem space]].<ref name = "Perry_1998">{{cite conference | vauthors = Perry M | date = 13–15 August 1998 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2388174 | title = Process, representation and taskworld: distributed cognition and the organisation of information. | conference = Exploring the contexts of information behaviour. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in different contexts. | location = Sheffield, UK | pages = 552–567 }}</ref>  He believed that information should be studied through the representation within the media or artifact that represents the information. Cognition is said to be "socially distributed" when it is applied to demonstrate how interpersonal processes can be used to coordinate activity within a social group.

In 1997, [[Gavriel Salomon]] stated that there were two classes of distributive cognition: shared cognition and off-loading.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Gavriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVFFnwEACAAJ |title=Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57423-5 |language=en}}</ref> Shared cognition is that which is shared among people through common activity such as conversation where there is a constant change of cognition based on the other person's responses. An example of off-loading would be using a calculator to do [[arithmetic]] or creating a grocery list when going shopping. In that sense, the cognitive duties are off-loaded to a material object.

Later, John Sutton (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1075/pc.14.2.05sut| volume = 14| issue = 2| pages = 235–247| vauthors = Sutton J | title = Distributed cognition: Domains and dimensions| journal = Pragmatics & Cognition| date = January 2006 }}</ref> defined five appropriate domains of investigation for research in Dcog:
# External cultural tools, artifacts, and symbol systems.
# Natural environmental resources.
# Interpersonal and social distribution or [[Instructional scaffolding|scaffolding]].
# Embodied capacities and skills.
# Internalized cognitive artifacts.