Editing Dodo (section)

== Taxonomy ==
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Copenhagen dodo.jpg
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|image2 = Oxford Dodo head.jpg
|alt2 = Skull and lower jaw of a dodo in a box

|footer = Skull in the [[Zoological Museum of Copenhagen]] (above), and right half of the Oxford specimen's head (below); examination of these led to the dodo being classified as a [[pigeon]] in the 1840s
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The dodo was variously declared a small [[ostrich]], a [[Rallidae|rail]], an [[albatross]], or a [[vulture]], by early scientists.<ref name=HumeCheke2009>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08912960903101868| last1 = Hume| first1 = J. P.| author-link1 = Julian Pender Hume| last2 = Cheke| first2 = Anthony S.| last3 = McOran-Campbell| first3 = A.| year = 2009| title = How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: Academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius| journal = Historical Biology| volume = 21| issue = 1–2| pages = 33–49| bibcode = 2009HBio...21...33H| s2cid = 85743497| url = http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hume-et-al-Owen-and-dodo.pdf| access-date = 28 August 2015| archive-date = 21 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321190356/http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hume-et-al-Owen-and-dodo.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1842, Danish zoologist [[Johannes Theodor Reinhardt]] proposed that dodos were ground [[columbidae|pigeons]], based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the [[Natural History Museum of Denmark]]. This view was met with ridicule, but was later supported by English naturalists [[Hugh Edwin Strickland]] and [[Alexander Gordon Melville]] in their 1848 [[monograph]] ''The Dodo and Its Kindred'', which attempted to separate [[myth]] from reality.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Reinhardt | first = Johannes Theodor | author-link = Johannes Theodor Reinhardt | date = 1842–1843 | title = Nøjere oplysning om det i Kjøbenhavn fundne Drontehoved | journal = Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift | volume = IV. | pages = 71–72 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19563#page/79/mode/1up | language = Danish}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.3366/anh.2002.29.1.109| last1 = Baker | first1 = R. A.| last2 = Bayliss | first2 = R. A.| date=2002 | title = Alexander Gordon Melville (1819–1901): The Dodo, ''Raphus cucullatus'' (L., 1758) and the genesis of a book| journal = Archives of Natural History| volume = 29| pages = 109–118}}</ref> After [[dissection|dissecting]] the [[embalming|preserved]] head and foot of the specimen at the [[Oxford University Museum]] and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct [[Rodrigues solitaire]] (''Pezophaps solitaria''), they concluded that the two were closely related. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones, otherwise known only in pigeons.<ref name=Strickland4to112>{{cite book | last1 = Strickland | first1 = Hugh Edwin | author-link = Hugh Edwin Strickland | last2 = Melville | first2 = A. G. | year = 1848 | title = The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon | publisher = Reeve, Benham and Reeve | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/dodoitskindredor00stri }} pp.&nbsp;4{{ndash}}112.</ref>

Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was [[anatomy|anatomically]] similar to pigeons in many features. They pointed to the very short [[keratinous]] portion of the [[beak]], with its long, slender, naked basal part. Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes, almost reaching their beak, as in dodos. The forehead was high in relation to the beak, and the [[beak#Nares|nostril]] was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin, a combination of features shared only with pigeons. The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] pigeons than of other birds, both in their [[bird anatomy#Scales|scales]] and in their skeletal features. Depictions of the large [[crop (anatomy)|crop]] hinted at a relationship with pigeons, in which this feature is more developed than in other birds. Pigeons generally have very small [[clutch (eggs)|clutches]], and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg. Like pigeons, the dodo lacked the [[vomer]] and [[septum]] of the nostrils, and it shared details in the [[mandible]], the [[zygomatic bone]], the [[palate]], and the [[hallux]]. The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the [[cranium]].<ref name=Strickland4to112/>

Throughout the 19th century, several species were classified as [[conspecificity|congeneric]] with the dodo, including the Rodrigues solitaire and the [[Réunion solitaire]], as ''Didus solitarius'' and ''Raphus solitarius'', respectively (''Didus'' and ''Raphus'' being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time). An atypical 17th-century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues, now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire, led [[Abraham Dee Bartlett]] to name a new species, ''Didus nazarenus'', in 1852.<ref>{{cite journal| doi= 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02320.x| last = Newton| first = A.| date = January 1865| title = 2. On Some Recently Discovered Bones of the Largest Known Species of Dodo (''Didus Nazarenus'', Bartlett)| journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume = 33| issue = 1| pages = 199–201| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/73894| access-date = 3 June 2021| archive-date = 10 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124345/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/73894| url-status = live}}</ref> Based on solitaire remains, it is now a synonym of that species.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lydekker | first = R. | year = 1891 | title = Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History) | publisher = [[Taylor & Francis]] | doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.8301 | oclc = 4170867 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8301 | access-date = 3 June 2021 | archive-date = 10 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210610102131/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8301 | url-status = live }} p.&nbsp;128.</ref> Crude drawings of the [[red rail]] of [[Mauritius]] were also misinterpreted as dodo species; ''Didus broeckii'' and ''Didus herberti''.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1869.tb06880.x| last = Milne-Edwards | first = A.| year = 1869| title = Researches into the zoological affinities of the bird recently described by Herr von Frauenfeld under the name of ''Aphanapteryx imperialis''| journal = Ibis| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 256–275| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/403130 }}</ref>

For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a [[family (biology)|family]] of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was also placed in its own [[monotypic taxon|monotypic]] family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had [[Convergent evolution|evolved their similarities independently]].<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.2307/4083934| last = Storer| first = R. W.| year = 1970| title = Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire| journal = The Auk| volume = 87| issue = 2| url = http://sora.unm.edu/node/21993| pages = 369–370| jstor = 4083934| access-date = 28 August 2015| archive-date = 1 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191101224553/https://sora.unm.edu/node/21993| url-status = live| doi-access = free}}</ref> [[Osteological]] and [[DNA analysis]] has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in the columbid subfamily Raphinae and tribe Raphini, along with their closest relatives. In 2024, the new subtribe [[Raphina]] was created to include only the dodo and the solitaire.<ref name="Raphina2024">{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Mark T |last2=Hume |first2=Julian P |last3=Day |first3=Michael O |last4=Douglas |first4=Robert P |last5=Simmons |first5=Zoë M |last6=White |first6=Judith |last7=Heller |first7=Markus O |last8=Gostling |first8=Neil J |title=The systematics and nomenclature of the Dodo and the Solitaire (Aves: Columbidae), and an overview of columbid family-group nomina |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2024 |volume=201 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae086|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Janoo2005>{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002| last=Janoo | first=A.| date=April–June 2005 | title=Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones [''Raphus cucullatus'' (L.), Aves, Columbiformes] from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930| journal=Annales de Paléontologie| volume=91| issue=2| pages=167–180| bibcode=2005AnPal..91..167J }}</ref>

=== Evolution ===
[[File:NICOBAR PIGEON (8551073077).jpg|thumb|The [[Nicobar pigeon]] is the closest living relative of the dodo]]

In 2002, American geneticist [[Beth Shapiro]] and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo for the first time. Comparison of [[mitochondria]]l [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and 12S [[ribosomal RNA|rRNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequences]] isolated from a [[tarsus (skeleton)|tarsal]] of the Oxford specimen and a [[femur]] of a Rodrigues solitaire confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae. The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian [[Nicobar pigeon]] (''Caloenas nicobarica'') to be their closest living relative, followed by the [[crowned pigeon]]s (''Goura'') of [[New Guinea]], and the superficially dodo-like [[tooth-billed pigeon]] (''Didunculus strigirostris'') from [[Samoa]] (its scientific name refers to its dodo-like beak). This [[clade]] consists of generally ground-dwelling island endemic pigeons. The following [[cladogram]] shows the dodo's closest relationships within the Columbidae, based on Shapiro and colleagues, 2002:<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.295.5560.1683| last1 = Shapiro| first1 = B.| last2 = Sibthorpe| first2 = D.| last3 = Rambaut| first3 = A.| last4 = Austin| first4 = J.| last5 = Wragg| first5 = G. M.| last6 = Bininda-Emonds| first6 = O. R. P.| last7 = Lee| first7 = P. L. M.| last8 = Cooper| first8 = A.| date = 2002| title = Flight of the Dodo| journal = Science| volume = 295| issue = 5560| page = 1683| pmid = 11872833| url = http://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/dodo_Shapiro02.pdf| ref = {{sfnRef|Shapiro et al.|2002}}| access-date = 28 August 2015| archive-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181120150854/https://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/dodo_Shapiro02.pdf| url-status = live}} [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5560/1683/DC1 Supplementary information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405060329/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5560/1683/DC1 |date=5 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = BBC | date = 28 February 2002 | title = DNA yields dodo family secrets | work = [[BBC News]] | location = London | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1847431.stm | access-date = 7 September 2006 | archive-date = 20 October 2002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021020210432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1847431.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>

{{clade |style = font-size: 100%;
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Didunculus strigirostris]]'' (tooth-billed pigeon)
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Goura victoria]]'' (Victoria crowned pigeon)
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Caloenas nicobarica]]'' (Nicobar pigeon)
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{extinct}}''[[Pezophaps solitaria]]'' (Rodrigues solitaire)
                  |2={{extinct}}'''''Raphus cucullatus''''' ('''dodo''')
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

[[File:Oxford Dodo foot.jpg|thumb|right|1848 [[lithograph]] of the Oxford specimen's foot, which has been used to sample [[DNA]] for [[genetic analyses]]]]
A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of ''Goura'' and ''Didunculus'' and including the [[pheasant pigeon]] (''Otidiphaps nobilis'') and the [[thick-billed ground pigeon]] (''Trugon terrestris'') at the base of the clade.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1080/10635150701549672| last1 = Pereira | first1 = S. L.| last2 = Johnson | first2 = K. P.| last3 = Clayton | first3 = D. H.| last4 = Baker | first4 = A. J.| year = 2007| title = Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene| journal = Systematic Biology| volume = 56| issue = 4| pages = 656–672| pmid = 17661233| ref = {{sfnRef|Pereira et al.|2007}} | doi-access = free}}</ref> The DNA used in these studies was obtained from the Oxford specimen, and since this material is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, these findings still need to be independently verified.<ref name=Hume2012>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00843.x| last = Hume | first = J. P.| author-link = Julian Pender Hume| year = 2012| title = The Dodo: From extinction to the fossil record| journal = Geology Today| volume = 28| issue = 4| pages = 147–151| bibcode = 2012GeolT..28..147H | s2cid = 83711229 }}</ref> Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the subfamily [[Gourinae]] along with the ''Goura'' pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence.{{sfn|Parish|2013|pp=134–141}} In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct [[spotted green pigeon]] (''Caloenas maculata'') was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.<ref name="Spotted green pigeon">{{cite journal|last1=Heupink|first1=Tim H|last2=van Grouw|first2=Hein|last3=Lambert|first3=David M|title=The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=14|issue=1|year=2014|page=136|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-136|pmid=25027719|pmc=4099497 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..136H }}</ref>

The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the dodo and the solitaire diverged around the [[Paleogene]]-[[Neogene]] boundary, about 23.03&nbsp;million years ago. The [[Mascarene Islands]] (Mauritius, [[Réunion]], and [[Rodrigues]]), are of [[volcano|volcanic]] origin and are less than 10&nbsp;million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Cheke | first1 = Anthony S. | last2 = Hume | first2 = Julian Pender | year = 2008 | title = Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues | publisher = T. & A. D. Poyser | location = New Haven and London | isbn = 978-0-7136-6544-4 }} pp.&nbsp;70{{ndash}}71.<!--Please keep page number(s) outside the cite template so that sfns with other page numbers can use the full citations. --></ref> The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae, which indicates the [[flightless]] raphines had ancestors that were able to fly, were semi-terrestrial, and inhabited islands. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by [[island hopping]] from South Asia.<ref name="Spotted green pigeon" /> The lack of [[mammal]]ian [[herbivore]]s competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain [[island gigantism|very large sizes]] and flightlessness.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1086/316701| last = McNab | first = B. K.| year = 1999| title = On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism| journal = Physiological and Biochemical Zoology| volume = 72| issue = 5| pages = 642–644| jstor = 10.1086/316701| pmid = 10521332| s2cid = 28619917 }}</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|2001|pp=37–39}} Despite its divergent skull morphology and adaptations for larger size, many features of its skeleton remained similar to those of smaller, flying pigeons.<ref name=ClaessensMeijer2016>{{cite journal|last1=Claessens|first1=L. P. A. M.|last2=Meijer|first2=H. J. M. |last3=Hume|first3=J. P. |title=The Morphology of the Thirioux dodos|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2016 |volume=35 |issue=sup 1 |pages=29–187 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1121723|s2cid=87957947}}</ref> Another large, flightless pigeon, the [[Viti Levu giant pigeon]] (''Natunaornis gigoura''), was described in 2001 from [[subfossil]] material from [[Fiji]]. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673| last = Worthy | first = T. H.| year = 2001| title = A giant flightless pigeon gen. et sp. nov. and a new species of ''Ducula'' (Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji| journal = Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand| volume = 31| issue = 4| pages = 763–794| bibcode = 2001JRSNZ..31..763W | s2cid = 83708873 }}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
{{Wiktionary|dodo}}
[[File:View of the Mauritius roadstead - engraving.jpg|thumb|alt=Engraving showing Dutch sailors working on Mauritius, as well as several local animals, including a dodo|left|1601 engraving showing Dutch activities on the shore of Mauritius and the first published depiction of a dodo on the left (2, called "''Walchvoghel''")]]
One of the original names for the dodo was the Dutch "''Walghvoghel''", first used in the journal of Dutch [[Vice Admiral]] Wybrand van Warwijck, who visited Mauritius during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia in 1598.<ref name=Hume2006>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08912960600639400| last = Hume| first = J. P.| author-link = Julian Pender Hume| year = 2006| title = The History of the Dodo ''Raphus cucullatus'' and the Penguin of Mauritius| journal = Historical Biology| volume = 18| issue = 2| pages = 69–93| bibcode = 2006HBio...18...69H| issn = 0891-2963| url = http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/History-of-the-dodo-Hume.pdf| citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.6929| s2cid = 2954728| access-date = 11 January 2011| archive-date = 12 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023437/http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/History-of-the-dodo-Hume.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> ''Walghe'' means "tasteless", "insipid", or "sickly", and {{lang|nl|voghel}} means "bird". The name was translated by Jakob Friedlib into German as ''Walchstök'' or ''Walchvögel''. The original Dutch report titled ''Waarachtige Beschryving'' was lost, but the English translation survived:{{sfn|Parish|2013|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Parish|2013|pp=134–141}}
{{quotation |On their left hand was a little island which they named Heemskirk Island, and the bay it selve they called Warwick Bay... Here they taried 12. daies to refresh themselues, finding in this place great quantity of foules twice as bigge as swans, which they call Walghstocks or Wallowbirdes being very good meat. But finding an abundance of pigeons & popinnayes [parrots], they disdained any more to eat those great foules calling them Wallowbirds, that is to say lothsome or fulsome birdes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hakluyt|first1=Richard|title=A Selection of Curious, Rare and Early Voyages and Histories of Interesting Discoveries|year=2013|orig-year=1812|publisher=R.H. Evans and R. Priestley|location=London (UK)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-s3AQAAMAAJ|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315014516/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-s3AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} p.&nbsp;253.</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|2002|p=51}}}}

Another account from that voyage, perhaps the first to mention the dodo, states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins. The meaning may not have been derived from ''[[penguin]]'' (the Portuguese referred to those birds as "''fotilicaios''" at the time), but from ''[[pinioning|pinion]]'', a reference to the small wings.<ref name=Hume2006/> The crew of the Dutch ship ''Gelderland'' referred to the bird as "Dronte" (meaning "swollen") in 1602, a name that is still used in some languages.<ref name=Fuller2001pp194>{{cite book | last = Fuller | first = Errol | author-link = Errol Fuller | year = 2001 | title = Extinct Birds | edition = revised | publisher = Comstock | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8014-3954-4 }} pp.&nbsp;194{{ndash}}203.</ref> This crew also called them "griff-eendt" and "kermisgans", in reference to [[fowl]] fattened for the [[Kermesse festival]] in [[Amsterdam]], which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius.{{sfn|Cheke|Hume|2008|pp=22–23}}

[[File:Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg|thumb|alt=Crude sketch of three terrestrial birds, captioned with the words "a Cacato, a Hen, a Dodo"|Labelled sketch from 1634 by [[Sir Thomas Herbert]], showing a [[broad-billed parrot]], a [[red rail]], and a dodo]]
The [[etymology]] of the word ''dodo'' is unclear. Some ascribe it to the Dutch word ''dodoor'' for "sluggard", but it is more probably related to ''Dodaars'', which means either "fat-arse" or "knot-arse", referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end.{{sfn|Fuller|2002|pp=17–18}} The first record of the word ''Dodaars'' is in Captain Willem Van West-Zanen's journal in 1602.<ref name=Staub1996>{{cite journal | last = Staub | first = France | author-link = France Staub | year = 1996 | title = Dodo and solitaires, myths and reality | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts & Sciences of Mauritius | volume = 6 | pages = 89–122 | url = http://www.potomitan.info/dodo/c32.php | access-date = 21 May 2007 | archive-date = 22 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722002235/http://www.potomitan.info/dodo/c32.php | url-status = live }}</ref> The English writer [[Sir Thomas Herbert]] was the first to use the word ''dodo'' in print in his 1634 [[travel journal|travelogue]] claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese, who had visited Mauritius in 1507.{{sfn|Cheke|Hume|2008|pp=22–23}} Another Englishman, Emmanuel Altham, had used the word in a 1628 letter in which he also claimed its origin was Portuguese. The name "dodar" was introduced into English at the same time as dodo, but was only used until the 18th century.{{sfn|Cheke|Hume|2008|p=276}} As far as is known, the Portuguese never mentioned the bird. Nevertheless, some sources still state that the word ''dodo'' derives from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word ''doudo'' (currently ''doido''), meaning "fool" or "crazy". It has also been suggested that ''dodo'' was an [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] approximation of the bird's call, a two-note pigeon-like sound resembling "doo-doo".<ref name=Fuller2002p43>{{cite book | last = Fuller | first = Errol | author-link = Errol Fuller | year = 2002 | title = Dodo&nbsp;– From Extinction To Icon | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | location = London | isbn = 978-0-00-714572-0 }} p.&nbsp;43.</ref>

The Latin name ''cucullatus'' ("hooded") was first used in 1635 by the Spanish Jesuit [[Juan Eusebio Nieremberg]] as ''[[Cygnus (genus)|Cygnus]] cucullatus'', in reference to [[Carolus Clusius]]'s 1605 depiction of a dodo.<ref name=Strickland4to112/><ref>{{ cite book | last=Nieremberg | first=Juan Eusebio | author-link=Juan Eusebio Nieremberg | date=1635| title=Historia natvrae, maxime peregrinae, libris XVI Distincta | location=Antverpiae | publisher=ex officina Plantiniana Balthasaris Moreti | page=231 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41798212 }}</ref> In the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his 18th-century classic work ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] used ''cucullatus'' as the specific name, but combined it with the genus name ''Struthio'' (ostrich).<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=155 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727062 }}</ref> [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] coined the genus name ''Raphus'' (referring to the [[bustard]]s) in 1760, resulting in the current name ''Raphus cucullatus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=French, Latin | at=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010444 Vol. 1, p. 46], [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36294272 Vol. 5, p. 14] | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref> In 1766, Linnaeus coined the new binomial ''Didus ineptus'' (meaning "inept dodo"). This has become a [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of the earlier name because of [[nomenclatural priority]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii  | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=267 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946463 }}</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|2002|pp=147–149}}