Editing Douglas MacArthur (section)

==Early life and education==
A [[Military brat (U.S. subculture)|military brat]], Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880, at [[Little Rock Barracks]] in [[Arkansas]], to [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.]], a U.S. Army [[captain (U.S. Army)|captain]], and his wife, Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur (nicknamed "Pinky").{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=13–14}} Arthur Jr. was a son of Scottish-born jurist and politician [[Arthur MacArthur Sr.]]{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=4–5}} Arthur Jr. would later receive the [[Medal of Honor]] for his actions with the [[Union Army]] in the [[Battle of Missionary Ridge]] during the [[American Civil War]],<ref name="history.army.mil civwarmz" /> and be promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]].{{sfn|James|1970|pp=41–42}} Pinky came from a prominent [[Norfolk, Virginia]], family.{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=13–14}} Two of her brothers had fought for the [[Confederate States of America|South]] in the Civil War, and refused to attend her wedding.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=24}} MacArthur is also distantly related to [[Matthew C. Perry]], a [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] of the [[U.S. Navy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://turnstiletours.com/from-perry-to-macarthur-flag-links-historic-us-visits-to-japan/|title=From Perry To MacArthur: Flag Links Historic U.S. Visits to Japan, in Peace and War|last=Andrew Gustafson|date=2 September 2015|website=Turnstile Tours|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003130/https://turnstiletours.com/from-perry-to-macarthur-flag-links-historic-us-visits-to-japan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Arthur and Pinky had three sons, of whom Douglas was the youngest, following [[Arthur MacArthur III|Arthur III]] (born 1876), and Malcolm (1878).{{sfn|James|1970|p=23}} The family lived on a succession of Army posts in the [[American Old West]]. Conditions were primitive, and Malcolm died of measles in 1883.{{sfn|James|1970|p=25}} In his memoir, ''Reminiscences'', MacArthur wrote "I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed, almost before I could walk and talk."{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=15}} Douglas was extremely close with his mother and often considered a "mama's boy". Until around age 8, she dressed him in skirts and kept his hair long and in curls.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baldwin |first1=Hanson |title=The Years of MacArthur |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/04/archives/the-years-of-macarthur-the-mamas-boy-who-became-the-stuff-of-legend.html#:~:text=His%20mother%20%E2%80%9Ckept%20his%20brown,to%20room%20with%20him%2C%20he |access-date=21 November 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 October 1970}}</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:View copy.jpg|thumb|left|upright|MacArthur as a student at West Texas Military Academy in the late 1890s|alt=A ornate chair and a table with a book on it. A man sits in the chair, wearing an American Civil War style peaked cap. On his sleeves he wears three stripes pointed down with a lozenge of a First Sergeant.]]
MacArthur's time on the frontier ended in July 1889 when the family moved to Washington, D.C.,{{sfn|James|1970|p=56}} where he attended the Force Public School. His father was posted to San Antonio, Texas, in September 1893. While there MacArthur attended the [[TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas|West Texas Military Academy]],{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=16–18}} where he was awarded the gold medal for "scholarship and deportment". He played on the school tennis team, quarterback on the school football team, and shortstop on its baseball team. He was named [[valedictorian]], with a final year average of 97.33 out of 100.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=60–61}} MacArthur's father and grandfather unsuccessfully sought to secure Douglas a presidential appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, first from [[Grover Cleveland]] and then from [[William McKinley]];{{sfn|James|1970|pp=62–66}} both were rejected.<ref name="macvoa" /> He later passed the examination for an appointment from Congressman [[Theobald Otjen]],{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|pp=16–18}} scoring 93.3.{{sfn|James|1970|p=66}} He later wrote: "It was a lesson I never forgot. Preparedness is the key to success and victory."{{sfn|James|1970|p=66}}

MacArthur entered [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] on 13 June 1899,{{sfn|MacArthur|1964|p=25}} and his mother moved to a suite at Craney's Hotel, which overlooked the grounds of the academy.<ref name="SIWestPoint" /> [[Hazing]] was widespread at West Point at this time, and MacArthur and his classmate [[Ulysses S. Grant III]] were singled out for special attention by Southern cadets as sons of generals with mothers living at Craney's. When Cadet Oscar Booz left West Point after being hazed and subsequently died of tuberculosis, there was a congressional inquiry. MacArthur was called to appear before a special Congressional committee in 1901, where he testified against cadets implicated in hazing, but downplayed his own hazing even though the other cadets gave the full story to the committee. Congress subsequently outlawed acts "of a harassing, tyrannical, abusive, shameful, insulting or humiliating nature", although hazing continued.{{sfn|James|1970|pp=69–71}} MacArthur was a corporal in Company B in his second year, a [[first sergeant]] in Company A in his third year and [[List of United States Military Academy First Captains|First Captain]] in his final year.{{sfn|James|1970|p=79}} He played left field for the baseball team and academically earned 2424.12 merits out of a possible 2470.00 or 98.14%, which was the third-highest score ever recorded. He graduated first in his 93-man class on 11 June 1903.{{sfn|James|1970|p=77}} At the time it was customary for the top-ranking cadets to be commissioned into the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]], therefore, MacArthur was commissioned as a [[Second lieutenant (United States)|second lieutenant]] in that corps.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|pp=60–61}}