Editing Drawbridge (section)

==Castle drawbridges==
[[File:Lagos48.jpg|200px|thumb|Drawbridge at the fort of Ponta da Bandeira in [[Lagos, Portugal]]]]

[[File:181 PoortBrug Leeuwarden.jpg|250px|thumb|A [[double-beam drawbridge]], the Poortbrug, in [[Leeuwarden]], Netherlands]]

[[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[castle]]s were usually defended by a ditch or [[moat]], crossed by a wooden bridge.<ref>{{cite book | editor1-first=Harold Melvin| editor1-last=Stanford| title=The Standard Reference Work for the Home, School and Library| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--tDAAAAYAAJ|format=Google books|access-date=November 21, 2009| volume=II| year=1921| publisher=Standard Education Society|chapter=Castle| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--tDAAAAYAAJ&q=Castle%20a%20strongly%20fortified%20residence|quote=The entire [castle was] surrounded by a deep moat or ditch.|ref=StandfordV2}} "The moat was crossed by means of a wooden hinged at its inner edge."</ref> In early castles, the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack, but drawbridges became very common. A typical arrangement would have the drawbridge immediately outside a [[gatehouse]], consisting of a wooden [[Deck (bridge)|deck]] with one edge [[hinge]]d or pivoting at the gatehouse threshold, so that in the raised position the bridge would be flush against the gate, forming an additional barrier to entry. It would be backed by one or more [[portcullis]]es and gates. Access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from [[machicolations]] above or [[arrow slits]] in flanking [[tower]]s.

The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a [[windlass]] in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate-passage. Only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight, so some form of [[bascule bridge|bascule]] arrangement is normally found. The bridge may extend into the gate-passage beyond the pivot point, either over a pit into which the internal portion can swing (providing a further obstacle to attack), or in the form of counterweighted beams that drop into slots in the floor.

The raising chains could themselves be attached to counterweights. In some cases, a portcullis provides the weight, as at [[Alnwick Castle|Alnwick]]. By the 14th century, a [[Bascule bridge|bascule arrangement]] was provided by lifting arms (called "gaffs") above and parallel to the bridge deck whose ends were linked by chains to the lifting part of the bridge. In the raised position, the gaffs would fit into slots in the gatehouse wall ("rainures") which can often still be seen in places like [[Herstmonceux Castle]]. Inside the castle, the gaffs were extended to bear counterweights, or might form the side-timbers of a stout gate which would be against the roof of the gate-passage when the drawbridge was down, but would close against the gate-arch as the bridge was raised.<ref>Bottomley, Frank, ''The Castle Explorer's Guide'', Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 {{ISBN|0-7182-1216-9}} pp 51&ndash;52</ref>
 
In France, working drawbridges survive at a number of [[château]]x, including the [[Château du Plessis-Bourré]].<ref>[http://www.plessis-bourre.com/film-pont.htm Château du Plessis-Bourré: video of working drawbridge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326131352/http://www.plessis-bourre.com/film-pont.htm |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> In England, two working drawbridges remain in regular use at [[Helmingham Hall]], which dates from the early sixteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hall {{!}} History |url=https://www.helmingham.com/history/the-hall/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Helmingham Hall Gardens}}</ref>

=== Turning bridge ===
A bridge pivoted on central [[trunnion]]s is called a ''turning bridge'', and may or may not have the raising chains characteristic of a drawbridge. The inner end carried counterweights enabling it to sink into a pit in the gate-passage, and when horizontal the bridge would often be supported by stout pegs inserted through the side walls. This was a clumsy arrangement, and many turning bridges were replaced with more advanced drawbridges.<ref>Bottomley, Frank, ''The Castle Explorer's Guide'', Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 {{ISBN|0-7182-1216-9}} pp 186&ndash;187</ref>