Editing Drinking game (section)

==History==

===Ancient Greece===
[[File:Symposiumnorthwall.jpg|thumb|[[Symposium]], with scene of Kottabos – [[fresco]] from the [[Tomb of the Diver]] in [[Paestum]], 475 BC]]
[[Kottabos (game)|Kottabos]] is one of the earliest known drinking games from [[ancient Greece]], dated to the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Players would use dregs (remnants of what was left in their cup) to hit targets across the room with their wine. Often, there were special prizes and penalties for one's performance in the game.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/hetairai/kottabos.html |title = Kottabos |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630214945/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/hetairai/kottabos.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===China===
Drinking games were enjoyed in ancient [[China]], usually incorporating the use of [[dice]] or verbal exchange of [[riddle]]s.<ref name="benn">{{cite book | author = Benn, Charles | date = 2002 | title =China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-517665-0 }}</ref>{{rp|145}} During the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), the Chinese used a [[silver]] canister where written lots could be drawn that designated which player had to drink and specifically how much; for example, from 1, 5, 7, or 10 measures of drink that the youngest player, or the last player to join the game, or the most talkative player, or the host, or the player with the greatest [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] tolerance, etc. had to drink.<ref name="benn"/>{{rp|145–146}} There were even drinking game [[referee]] officials, including a 'registrar of the rules' who knew all the rules to the game, a 'registrar of the horn' who tossed a silver flag down on calling out second offenses, and a 'governor' who decided one's third call of offense.<ref name="benn"/>{{rp|146}} These referees were used mainly for maintaining order (as drinking games often became rowdy) and for reviewing faults that could be punished with a player drinking a penalty cup.<ref name="benn"/>{{rp|146}} If a guest was considered a 'coward' for dropping out of the game, he could be branded as a 'deserter' and not invited back to further drinking bouts.<ref name="benn"/>{{rp|146}} There was another game where little puppets and dolls dressed as western foreigners with blue eyes ([[Iranian peoples]]) were set up and when one fell over, the person it pointed to had to empty his cup of wine.<ref name="schafer 23">{{cite book | author = Schafer, Edward H | title = The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley and Los Angeles | edition = 1st paperback | date = 1985 | isbn = 0-520-05462-8}}</ref>

Drinking games became popular among elites in the late [[Qing dynasty|Qing period]] as part of the privileged class' urban leisure aesthetics.<ref name="Guo">{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Li |title=Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=9780295752402 |editor-last=Guo |editor-first=Li |location=Seattle, WA |pages= |chapter=The Courtesans' Drinking Games in The Dream in the Green Bower |editor-last2=Eyman |editor-first2=Douglas |editor-last3=Sun |editor-first3=Hongmei}}</ref>{{Rp|page=117}} Novelists who invented literary-themed drinking games included [[Li Boyuan]] and Sun Yusheng.<ref name="Guo" />{{Rp|page=117}} Drinking games also increasingly appeared as elements in novels of the period such as Yu Da's ''The Dream in the Green Bower''.<ref name="Guo" />{{Rp|page=117}}

=== Germany ===
[[File:Drinkinggame.jpg|thumb|upright|A wager cup<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
|url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/art-of-drinking/
|title= Wager cup
|work=Metalwork
|access-date= 2007-12-09}}</ref>]]

Drinking games in 19th century Germany included [[Bierskat]], [[Elfern]], [[Rams (card game)|Rammes]] and [[Quodlibet (card game)|Quodlibet]],{{sfn|Haupt|1877|p=140}} as well as [[Schlauch (card game)|Schlauch]] and Laubober, probably the same game as [[Grasobern]]. But the "crown of all drinking games" was one with an ancient and distinctive name: Cerevis. One feature of the game was that everything went under a different name from normal. So the cards (''Karten'') were called 'spoons' (''Löffel''), the Sevens were 'Septembers' and the Aces were the 'Juveniles' (''junge Leichtsinn''). A player who used the normal names was penalised. Every time a card was played, it was supposed to be accompanied by humorous words, so if a [[Jack (playing card)|Jack]] or [[Unter (playing card)|Unter]] was played, the player might say something like "my merry ''Unterkasser''" (''Lustig mein Unterkasser'') or "long live my ''Unterkasser''" (''Vivat mein Unterkasser''). If his opponent beat it, he might say "hang the ''Unterkasser''" (''Hängt den Unterkasser''). The loser had to chalk up a figure such as a swallow, a wheel or a pair of scissors depending on the number of minus points gained and was only allowed to erase them once he had drunk the associated amount of beer.{{sfn|Lese-Stübchen|1862|p=238}}

Silver wager cups, also known as wedding cups, were used in Germany from the late 16th to mid 17th century. The smaller cup is on a pivot so both vessels can be face-up and filled with liquor. In wedding ceremonies, the man would drink from the larger vessel first, then turning the figure right side up, pass it to the woman, who would drink from the smaller cup; the challenge was for the two drinkers not to spill any liquor. They were also sometimes used during wine drinking boughts were a wager was placed if participant(s) could drink the contents of both sides without spilling a drop. In Germany they are known as ''Jungfrauenbecher'', or maiden cups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackenbroch |first1=Yvonne |author-link=Yvonne Hackenbroch |title=Wager Cups |journal=[[Antiques (magazine)|Antiques]] |date=May 1969 |volume=95 |number=5 |pages=692-695 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-antiques_1969-05_95_5_0/page/692/mode/2up?q=%22wager+cups%22&view=theater }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Alfred |title=Old Silver of Europe and America |publisher=[[Batsford Books|B. T. Batsford]] |year=1928 |page=202 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-315-251/page/202/mode/2up?view=theater }}</ref> Replicas of the cups were frequently manufactured during the 1880s to 1910s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Culme |first=John |title=Nineteenth-Century Silver |publisher=Hamlyn for Country Life Books |year=1977 |page=215 |url=https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur0000culm/page/214/mode/2up?q=%22wager+cups%22 }}</ref>