Editing Drip irrigation (section)

==History==
===Ancient China===
Primitive drip irrigation has been used since ancient times. ''[[Fan Shengzhi shu]]'', written in China during the first century [[BCE]], describes the use of buried, unglazed clay pots filled with water, sometimes referred to as [[Olla#Use in irrigation|Ollas]], as a means of irrigation.<ref>[[s:zh:氾勝之書]] 以三斗瓦甕埋著科中央，令甕口上與地平。盛水甕中，令滿。</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bainbridge|first=David A|title=Buried clay pot irrigation: a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation|journal=Agricultural Water Management|date=June 2001|volume=48|issue=2|pages=79–88|doi=10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00119-0|bibcode=2001AgWM...48...79B }}</ref>

===Modern development===
====Subsurface pipe====
Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting with subsurface irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems.<ref name="Goyal">{{cite book|last=R. Goyal|first=Megh|title=Management of drip/trickle or micro irrigation|year=2012|publisher=Apple Academic Press|location=Oakville, California|isbn=978-1-926895-12-3|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8TFYZd9cw4C&q=Management+of+drip%2Ftrickle+or+micro+irrigation}}</ref>

====Perforated pipe====
The research was later expanded in the 1920s to include the application of perforated pipe systems.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info"/>

====Plastic====
The usage of plastic to hold and distribute water in drip irrigation was later developed in Australia by Hannis Thill.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info">{{cite web|url= http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm|title=The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now|website=www.irrigation.learnabout.info}}</ref>

====Plastic emitter, trickle irrigation====
Usage of a plastic emitter in drip irrigation was developed in Israel by [[Simcha Blass]] and his son Yeshayahu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gardenguides.com/79735-history-drip-irrigation.html|title=The History of Drip Irrigation}}</ref> Instead of releasing water through tiny holes easily blocked by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer passageways by using friction to slow water inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type was established in 1959 by Blass, who partnered later (1964) with [[Hatzerim|Kibbutz Hatzerim]] to create an irrigation company called [[Netafim]]. Together they developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter.<ref name="Goyal" /><ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info" /> Modern drip irrigation was invented in Israel in the 1960s, such irrigation also improved the efficiency of fertilizer use as well as water.<ref name=":1" /> The introduction of this technology was revolutionary according to the Times of Israel and could save 70% of water usage in the growth of rice.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Surkes |first=Sue |date=10 May 2021 |title=Israel's drip irrigation pioneers aim to do away with flooded rice fields |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-drip-irrigation-pioneers-aim-to-do-away-with-flooded-rice-fields/}}</ref>

Goldberg and Shmueli (1970)<ref>Goldberg D, Shmueli, M (1970) "Drip Irrigation—A Method Used Under Arid and Desert Conditions of High Water and Soil Salinity" ''Transactions of the ASAE'' '''13''' (1): 0038-0041</ref> developed a significant improvement: "in the Arava desert in southern Israel [Shmueli] demonstrated that a trickle-irrigation system installed on the soil surface worked exceptionally well in producing vegetable crops, even with saline water (Elfving, 1989). The system...was responsible for the greening of formerly unproductive environment".<ref>Janick J, Goldman IL, (2003) "Horticulture, Horticultural Science, and 100 Years of ASHS" ''HortScience'' https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/38/5/article-p883.pdf</ref>

Replacing sub-surface system with on surface system solved the disadvantage of clogging the subsurface system. Their improvement prevailed: "Drip irrigation is presently the most efficient means to apply water to crops (Pathak et al. 2009; Goyal 2012)... There are two variations of the technology: surface and subsurface. The most common is surface drip irrigation, first developed in Israel (Goldberg and Shmueli 1970)... Due to the need to improve irrigation efficiency, as a measure toward sustainable use of water resources, there is wide interest in drip irrigation (Scanlon et al. 2012; Steward et al. 2013; Schaible and Aillery 2017) and is highlighted by numerous studies to evaluate its performance for the production of several crops."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oker |first1=Tobias E. |last2=Kisekka |first2=Isaya |last3=Sheshukov |first3=Aleksey Y. |last4=Aguilar |first4=Jonathan |last5=Rogers |first5=Danny |date=2020-01-01 |title=Evaluation of dynamic uniformity and application efficiency of mobile drip irrigation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0 |journal=Irrigation Science |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0 |bibcode=2020IrrSc..38...17O |s2cid=253819897 |issn=1432-1319|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Netafim developed technology to specifically water rice. Rice paddies which produce 10% of global methane emissions, the equivalent of 400 million cars. This technology was first introduced in Italy, Turkey and India.<ref name=":2" /> Agritech firm N-Drip developed smart drip irrigation for rice paddies. In the TOI article it was reported that N-Drip system led to yield increases of up to 33%, fertilizer reduction of 50%, a drop in greenhouse gases like carbon and methane from 50% to 85% as well as water savings of 50%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=21 June 2023 |title=Agritech firm N-Drip raises $44 million in Liechtenstein-led funding round |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/agritech-firm-n-drip-raises-44-million-in-liechtenstein-led-funding-round/ |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

====Drip tape====
In the United States, the first [[drip tape]], called ''Dew Hose'', was developed by Richard Chapin and Jaime Leal-Diaz of Chapin Watermatics in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite patent|title=Drip irrigation tape|pubdate=1989-02-28 |url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4807668.html |inventor-last=Roberts|inventor-first=James C.|number=4807668|country=US}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|title=Hoses for irrigation by dripping and the like and the process to manufacture the same |pubdate=1977-09-13 |url=http://www.google.com/patents/US4047995 |inventor-last=Leal-Diaz|inventor-first=Jaime|country=US|number=4047995}}</ref> The evolution of drip tape which made large-scale adoption and use possible was the introduction of T-Tape in 1987 by [[Rivulis|Plastro Irrigation]], that had the first slit outlet and a laminar flow track which later evolved into a turbulent flow regulating flow track. Chapin Watermatics was acquired by [[Jain Irrigation Systems|Jain Irrigation]] in 2006 and is housed under its US subsidiary Jain Irrigation Inc, USA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jain-irrigation-buys-chapin-for-6-mn-106050300023_1.html|title=Jain Irrigation buys Chapin for $6 mn|agency=Press Trust of India|date=3 May 2006|work=Business Standard India|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/news/news-from-the-market/91-jain-irrigation-announces-acquisition-of-chapin-watermatics-inc |title=New AG International – Jain Irrigation Announces Acquisition of Chapin Watermatics Inc. |website=www.newaginternational.com|language=en-gb|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222406/https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/news/news-from-the-market/91-jain-irrigation-announces-acquisition-of-chapin-watermatics-inc|url-status=dead}}</ref>

First introduced in California in the late 1960s, only 5% of irrigated land used this system as of 1988. By 2010, 40% of irrigated land in California used this system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url= https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/205320/files/Diffusion_of_Process_Innovation_AAEA2015.pdf |title= The Diffusion of Process Innovation: The Case of Drip Irrigation in California |first1= Taylor |last1= Zilberman |first2= Rebecca |last2= David |date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

====Trickle ring====
{{anchor|Trickle ring}}
A trickle ring is a circular device which evenly distributes water around the base of a tree or shrub.  Connected to a water supply by a garden hose or tubing adapter fitting, trickle rings may be integrated into an [[irrigation]] network which waters many plants at the same time.  By regulating the flow of water through the trickle ring, soil can be saturated at a rate which conserves water by minimizing wasteful [[surface runoff]] and losses due to evaporation.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}