Editing Drive by wire (section)

== Properties ==
[[File:REE Automotive P7-C class 4 electric truck with Knapheide vocational body Work Truck Week 2024 facing left.jpg|thumb|right|alt=REE Automotive P7-C class 4 electric truck.|The [[REE Automotive|REE]] P7-C truck is the first production vehicle to be road-certified in the United States with all by-wire controls, including drive, steer, brake,<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/362018/world-first-everything-wire-vehicle-breaks-all-mechanical-links-driver |title=World first 'everything-by-wire' vehicle breaks all mechanical links to driver |author=Chris Rosamond |date=January 12, 2024 |website=[[Auto Express]]}}</ref> and park-brake by-wire, collectively called x-by-wire.<ref name="Scheibert2023" />]]
Dispensing with mechanical linkages has several advantages: it reduces complexity and simplifies assembly; simplifies service and tuning; reduces the force required to engage inputs and allows it to be customized with [[haptic technology]]; allows for more [[Automotive design#Interior design|interior design]] freedom in the placement of input mechanisms; allows for automation of driving functions; reduces cabin noise by eliminating the acoustic linkage to the drive systems; and by reducing floor openings it improves the [[Automotive safety|crash behavior]] of the vehicle.<ref name="Naunheimer2011">{{citation |title=Automotive Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application |edition=Second |publisher=Springer |author=Harald Naunheimer |isbn=978-3-642-16213-8 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5 |year=2011 |display-authors=etal |chapter=9.1.3 Shift-by-Wire}}</ref> Because driver inputs can be overridden, safety can be improved by providing computer controlled intervention of vehicle controls with systems such as [[electronic stability control]] (ESC), [[Autonomous cruise control system|adaptive cruise control]] and [[Lane departure warning system|lane assist systems]].<ref name="Assembly2010">{{citation |url=https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/87508-wire-processing-drive-by-wire |title=Wire Processing: Drive-by-Wire |author=Austin Weber |date=March 26, 2010 |website=Assembly Magazine}}</ref>

Each drive-by-wire system leads to more actuator in the vehicle and therefore greater energy consumption. For instance, the drive-by-wire technology adds actuator motors to create the torque needed to turn the wheels, and a feedback transducer to create the "road feel" on the steering wheel.

Safety considerations require [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]] of driver input sensors, [[CAN bus|vehicle communication network]]s, actuators,<ref name="Naunheimer2011" /> and other systems. Automotive safety standards such as [[ISO 26262]] require drive-by-wire [[Safety-critical system#Reliability regimes|fail-operational and fail-safe]] behaviors.<ref name="Sampath2020" />