Editing Driving while black (section)

== Origins ==
The phrase "driving while black" has been used in both the public and private discourse relating to the [[racial profiling]] of black motorists.<ref name=":0" /> The term rose to prominence during the 1990s, when it was brought to public knowledge that American police officers were intentionally targeting racial minorities to curb the trafficking of drugs.<ref name=":1">Kocieniewski, David; Hanley, Robert (2000-12-03). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/03/nyregion/inside-story-racial-bias-denial-new-jersey-files-reveal-drama-behind-profiling.html "An Inside Story Of Racial Bias And Denial; New Jersey Files Reveal Drama Behind Profiling"]. ''The New York Times''. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 2017-03-08.</ref> For example, New Jersey released state documents in 2000 which showed police training memos instructing officers to make racial judgments in order to identify "Occupant Identifiers for a possible Drug Courier" on the highway.<ref>Heumann, Milton (2007). ''Good Cop, Bad Cop: Racial Profiling and Competing Views of Justice''. New York: Peter Lang, Inc. pp. 187–188. {{ISBN|0820458295}}.</ref>

The phrase was magnified after the ruling of ''[[Whren v. United States]]'' (1996), when the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled that police officers may stop any motor vehicle operator if any traffic violation has been observed.<ref>[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/517/806/case.html "Whren v. United States 517 U.S. 806 (1996)"]. ''Justia Law''. Retrieved 2017-03-08.</ref><ref>[[Tracey Maclin|Maclin, Tracey]] (1998). "Race and the Fourth Amendment". ''Vanderbilt Law Review''. '''51.2''': 333–393 – via ProQuest.</ref>

Subsequent media coverage of the phrase "driving while black" since the 1990s has been expansive and more common.<ref>Harris, David A. (June 1999). [https://www.aclu.org/report/driving-while-black-racial-profiling-our-nations-highways "DRIVING WHILE BLACK: RACIAL PROFILING ON OUR NATION'S HIGHWAYS"]. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved February 16, 2017.</ref> The phrase is often used in anecdotal accounts of racial profiling of motor vehicle operators as well as statistical and legal analyses of racial profiling, a notable example being the case of [[Robbie Tolan shooting incident|''Tolan v. Cotton'']].

In 2014 Portland lawyers Melvin Oden-Orr and Marianne Hyland created an app named "Driving While Black" in which users can record police and alert people when they are stopped by police on the road.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abc7news.com/traffic/lawyer-creates-driving-while-black-app/427947/|title=Lawyer creates 'Driving While Black' app|date=2014-12-09|work=ABC7 San Francisco|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bet.com/news/national/2014/12/11/driving-while-black-app-developers-offer-advice.amp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143205/http://www.bet.com/news/national/2014/12/11/driving-while-black-app-developers-offer-advice.amp.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 17, 2017|title=Driving While Black? App Developers Offer Advice|work=BET.com|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en}}</ref> It also supplies users with information on how to handle a traffic stop, including their legal rights and "best practices" for "how to be safe".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwbtheapp.com/|title=Driving While Black The App|website=dwbtheapp.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-16|archive-date=2017-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054533/http://dwbtheapp.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) released a similar app called "Mobile Justice" in which users can record and upload videos to the ACLU office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox17online.com/2016/07/11/aclu-mobile-justice-app-records-automatically-sends-video/|title=ACLU 'mobile justice' app records, automatically sends video|date=2016-07-11|website=Fox17|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>

The phrase DWB was amplified through social media by which African Americans can record police encounters and disseminate them to a large audience.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonilla|first=Yarimar|year=2015|title=#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=42|pages=4–17|doi=10.1111/amet.12112}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/7/22/9014837/sandra-bland-driving-while-black|title=Sandra Bland and 'driving while black': Federal data shows big racial gap in traffic stops|date=2015-07-22|website=Vox|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/driving-while-black-app-creators-urge-users-not-to-search-for-phone-while-talking-to-police-9919490.html|title=This could be the most depressing app if you're black|date=2014-12-11|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> The phrase was used in the media after the deaths of African Americans [[Death of Sandra Bland|Sandra Bland]] (2015) and [[Shooting of Philando Castile|Philando Castile]] (2016), both of whom were stopped by police while driving.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33868658|title=The unique fear of driving while black|last=Gold|first=Ashley|date=2016-07-12|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/07/20/486512846/46-stops-on-the-driving-life-and-death-of-philando-castile|title=46 Stops: On 'The Driving Life And Death Of Philando Castile'|work=NPR.org|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en}}</ref>