Editing DuPont Manual High School (section)

==History==

===duPont Manual Training High School===
In 1892, Louisville factory owner [[du Pont family|Alfred Victor du Pont]] donated $150,000 to the board of Louisville Public Schools to establish a training school to teach young men [[industrial arts]] ("manual") skills that would fit them for their duties in life. The [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] building was built on the corner of Brook and Oak Streets by the firm of Clark and Loomis, which also designed the [[Speed Art Museum]] and [[Waverly Hills Sanatorium]]. After Manual moved out of the building it was used as a Middle School until 1974 when it was converted to apartments.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Louisville Times]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|date=June 16, 1981|page=A8|author=Cocanougher, Kelly|title=From the Old School-Apartment Project is Progressing in old Manual High Building}}</ref> Manual's first principal, Henry Kleinschmid, was a favorite of du Pont but was unpopular with the school board, which conspired to replace him in 1895. Despite a summer of controversy and protest from the du Pont family, Manual's first two graduating classes and the four major local newspapers, the board replaced him with Harry Brownell on July 2.<ref name="filson">{{cite journal|title=The Louisville Public schools: Their Names, Their History|author=Noe, Sam V.|volume=38|date=July 1964|journal=[[Filson Club History Quarterly]]}}</ref>

[[File:Brook and oak.jpg|thumb|The original school building in 2009, after conversion to apartments]]
Manual was initially a three-year school with some general academic classes and an emphasis on mechanical and industrial training. Although graduates recall the school being viewed as blue-collar and academically inferior to [[Male High School]] in its early days, numerous early graduates went on to become medical doctors, and students published a literary magazine called ''The Crimson'' from 1899 to 1955.<ref name="filson" /> In order to accommodate newly added French and [[Latin]] classes, Manual was expanded to a four-year school in 1901. In 1911, Manual became the first school in Kentucky to serve lunches to students.<ref>{{cite news|work=Louisville Times|title=Du Pont Manual, First School to Serve Lunches, Opens Modern, Spacious Cafeteria|date=March 21, 1924|author=Abrams, Ruth}}</ref>

In 1913, Louisville Public Schools announced a plan to merge Manual and its rival Male High School into Louisville Boys High so that the two schools could share a new $300,000 facility. The plan took effect in 1915. Industrial training classes continued at the old Manual building. Parents objected to their children having to travel between the two buildings and the consolidation did not save the school board any money, so they voted to end the experiment in 1919. The new building became Male's home for the next 70 years and Manual returned to its old building at Brook and Oak.<ref name="filson" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Old Manual Again Becomes School Unit|date=June 4, 1919|work=[[Louisville Herald]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|page=1}}</ref> In 1923 an expansion added new laboratories, a cafeteria, and the largest gym ever built in Louisville at the time. The addition eventually burned and had to be destroyed in 1991.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Courier-Journal|date=September 21, 1991|title=Gym at Original Manual High Severely Damaged by Fire|page=7A}}</ref>

Manual's enrollment numbers, which had hovered around 400 since the 1890s, soared from 429 in 1919 to 1,039 in 1925. The Manual Crimsons football team, which had also been consolidated with Male's from 1915 to 1918, had great success in the 1920s, beating Male two years in a row for the first time in its history. Manual shared athletic facilities with Male for many years, but in the early 1920s alumni raised funds to construct Manual Stadium. The stadium opened in 1924 with 14,021 permanent seats. It was one of the largest high school stadiums in America at the time. The original structure was condemned and closed in 1952 after years of heavy use and minimal upkeep, and was reopened after being rebuilt in 1954.<ref>{{cite news|title=Male-Manual: 100 Years of War|author=Bartlett, Beverly|date=October 29, 1993|page=1A|work=The Courier-Journal}}</ref> Its modern capacity is 11,463.<ref name=SportsDirectoryInfo>{{cite web|url=http://khsaa.org/directory-data/member-school-directory/?school_id=76 |title=DuPont Manual High School KHSAA Directory Entry |publisher=[[Kentucky High School Athletic Association]] |access-date=February 16, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Lghs marker.jpg|thumb|Historic marker for Louisville Girls High School]]

===Louisville Girls High School===
The Louisville Girls High School opened as Female High School in 1856 at what became the intersection of Armory Place and Muhammad Ali Boulevard. It was the female counterpart to Male High School, also opened in 1856, and they were the first two public high schools in Louisville. Female High School moved to a location on First Street north of Chestnut in 1864 and remained there until 1899 when it moved to a location at Fifth and Hill Streets. It changed its name to Louisville Girls High School in 1911.<ref name="enc">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Louisville|editor=Kleber, John E.|year=2001|title=Louisville Girls High School|author=McEwan, Maxine Crouch|page=551|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC|access-date=May 6, 2009 | isbn=978-0-8131-2100-0 | publisher=University Press of Kentucky}}</ref>

In 1934, the school moved into Reuben Post Halleck Hall, which had just been completed. The building was initially home to the Girls High School on the second and third floors, and Louisville Junior High School on the first.<ref name="filson" /><ref name="cj50">{{cite news|title=Future of Manual Safe, Board Says|date=March 7, 1950|page=1B|work=The Courier-Journal}}</ref> Over 12,000 women graduated from the school in its 94 years of operation.<ref name="enc" />

===Merger===
By the 1940s, budget concerns and national trends made it clear that Louisville Girls High School and duPont Manual would merge into one coeducational school. They finally did so in September 1950 and remained in the old Louisville Girls High School building. This fusion of institutions resulted in the birth of the modern duPont Manual High School – dropping 'Training' from its previous name. The same school building remains in use today, although two major additions have since been made.<ref name=Manual_history>{{cite web|url=http://www.dupontmanual.com/about.htm|title=About Manual|publisher=duPont Manual High School|access-date=March 8, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129061547/http://dupontmanual.com/about.htm|archive-date=January 29, 2009}}</ref> The middle school located on the building's first floor became Manly Junior High and moved to Manual's old building at Brook and Oak.<ref name="cj50" />

The merged school began developing traditions such as [[Homecoming]] in 1951, and Red and White Day in 1953. Red and White Day eventually became a full week of [[school spirit]] related activities preceding the annual Male-Manual football game. Two traditions of the sexually segregated past, [[sororities]] and the all-male Mitre Club, persisted into the 1950s as unofficial organizations but gradually faded away. Students began publishing a newspaper, ''The Crimson Record'', in 1955.<ref name="reunion">{{cite news|title=A Century of Class-Manual High School Alumni Recount Glory Days at 100th Anniversary Party|date=November 29, 1992|author=Quinlan, Michael|work=The Courier-Journal}}</ref>

Following the ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' Supreme Court decision, Manual became racially integrated without controversy in 1956 and graduated its first two black students in 1958.<ref name="mcd">{{cite book|title=Stand Up and Cheer : the Official History of du Pont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky|isbn=1-884532-67-5 |publisher=Butler Books|year=2005|author=McDaniel, Mike|pages=179–181}}</ref> Starting in the 1960s, Manual began to face problems associated with [[inner city]] schools in the United States as economically advantaged families moved towards Louisville's suburbs. Manual was exempt from [[Desegregation busing in the United States|court-ordered busing]] in the 1970s because its racial makeup already met federal guidelines.<ref name="riot">{{cite news|title=Racial Fight at Manual brings injuries, arrests|date=November 1, 1976|author=Nichols, Wanda|page=1A|work=The Courier-Journal}}</ref>

On November 11, 1976, what school board members referred to as a race-related riot occurred on campus, injuring 16 and leading to six arrests and 60 suspensions.<ref name="riot" /> Students and school administrators agreed that there was an atmosphere of racial tension brewing at Manual in the 1970s that led to the riot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manual teachers want money for more security guards|date=November 13, 1976|author=Nichols, Wanda|work=The Courier-Journal|page=1B}}</ref> In his 2005 book on the history of Manual, Mike McDaniel wrote that November 11, 1976 was "quite probably the worst day in the history of Manual."<ref>McDaniel ''Stand Up and Cheer'', p. 196</ref>

The late 1960s and 1970s were a time of major change at Manual. A new wing featuring a gym with a [[seating capacity]] of 2,566 opened in 1971.<ref name=SportsDirectoryInfo /><ref>{{cite news|title=Gym Dandy – Manual's Athletic Facility to be Named After Charmoli|page=B7|work=Louisville Times|date=May 31, 1972|author=Carrico, Johnny}}</ref> The school had as many as 3,360 students in the 1971–72 school year, necessitating 17 portable classrooms in the front and rear courtyards. Manual still had grades seven through twelve at this time, and overcrowding gradually began to improve after Manual dropped the seventh and eight grades when Noe Middle School opened in 1974. Throughout the decade the administration gradually dropped the last vestiges of its manual training emphasis as the number of [[Industrial arts|shop]] classes dwindled from 16 in 1971 to three in 1979.<ref name="mcd" /> The [[Youth Performing Arts School]], actually a magnet school within Manual, opened in 1978 and, along with the changing curriculum, presaged Manual's transition to an academically intensive magnet school in the 1980s.<ref name="yater">{{cite book|title=Two hundred years at the falls of the Ohio : a history of Louisville and Jefferson County|edition=2|publisher=[[Filson Club]]|year=1987|author=Yater, George H.|page=238|isbn=978-0-9601072-3-0}}</ref>

===Magnet school===
Manual became a magnet school in 1984, creating specialty programs and allowing students from around the district to apply to attend.<ref>{{cite news|title=This Week in History|work=The Courier-Journal|date=February 16, 2009|author=Pinkston, Antwon|page=4B}}</ref> The change initially met with a mixed reaction, especially as most freshmen and sophomores were to be transferred to other schools. One critic in the black community called the plan "one-way busing".<ref>{{cite news|title=Manual Teachers, Parents React With Euphoria, Shock|work=The Courier-Journal|date=February 14, 1984|page=A4|author=Ellis, Leslie}}</ref> A few days after the proposal was announced, about 300 students walked out of class at Manual and marched to [[Central High School (Louisville, Kentucky)|Central High School]], where most of them were being transferred, in protest. The protest succeeded in persuading the school board to modify the proposal to exclude sophomores from being transferred.<ref>{{cite news|title=300 Manual Students Show School Officials Some 'Public Response'|page=A1|work=The Courier-Journal|date=February 16, 1984|author=Ellis, Leslie}}</ref>

The magnet programs succeeded in attracting applicants and by the mid-1990s only about a third of students who applied were accepted.<ref name="McDaniel p. 219">McDaniel ''Stand Up and Cheer'' p. 219</ref> In the midst of the transition to magnet school, Manual underwent a $1.9 million building improvement plan which added computer and science labs.<ref>{{cite news|title=NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, UPDATING OF GOLDSMITH AND MANUAL GET FUNDS|author=Holland, Holly|date=February 28, 1989|page=1B|work=The Courier-Journal}}</ref><ref>McDaniel ''Stand Up and Cheer'' p. 212–219</ref> Also in 1991, the [[United States Department of Education]] recognized Manual as a Blue Ribbon School, the highest honor the department can bestow on a school.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/28/AR2005092800698.html|title=Folger McKinsey Wins Blue Ribbon|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 25, 2005|author=de Vise, Daniel|pages=AA03|access-date=May 6, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf |title=Blue Ribbon Schools Program – Schools Recognized 1982–1983 Through 1999–2002 |publisher=Department of Education |access-date=April 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326055622/http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009  }}</ref> The school earned a Blue Ribbon award again in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jefferson.kyschools.us/departments/communications/monday-memo/dupont-manual-named-2020-national-blue-ribbon-school |title=DuPont Manual Named 2020 National Blue Ribbon School |publisher=Jefferson County Public Schools |access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref>

Many interior shots of the 1999 film ''[[The Insider (film)|The Insider]]'' were filmed at Manual.<ref>{{cite news|title=Movie review; 'Insider' tells tense tale but needed an editor|work=The Courier-Journal|date=November 5, 1999|author=Egerton, Judith|page=14W}}</ref> Dr. [[Jeffrey Wigand]], the subject of the film, taught science and Japanese at Manual after he was fired by [[tobacco]] company [[Brown & Williamson]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tobacco whistle-blower critical of how some states spend settlement money|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/80662_wigand31.shtml|date=July 31, 2002|author=Naito, Jon|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]}}</ref>