Editing Dunfermline (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Dunfermline}}
[[File:Malcolm Canmore's Tower, Dunfermline.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Remains of [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]]'s Tower]]

===Early history===
There have been various interpretations of the name, ''"Dunfermline"''.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach3–4">Dennison and Stronach, ''Historic Dunfermline'', pp.3–4.</ref> The first element, ''"dun"'' translated from [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]], has been accepted as a (fortified) hill, and is assumed to be referring to the rocky outcrop at the site of [[Malcolm's Tower|Malcolm Canmore's Tower]] in Pittencrieff Glen (now [[Pittencrieff Park]]).<ref name="Taylor and Márkus309–310">Taylor and Márkus, ''The Place–Names of Fife: Volume One'', pp.309–310.</ref> The rest of the name is problematic.<ref name="Taylor and Márkus309–310" /> The second element, the ''"ferm"'' may have been an alternative name for the Tower [[Burn (landform)|Burn]] according to a medieval record published in 1455 which, together with the Lyne Burn to the south, suggests the site of a fortification between these two watercourses.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach3–4" /><ref name="Taylor and Márkus309–310" />

The first record of a settlement in the Dunfermline area was in the [[Neolithic]] period. This evidence includes finds of a stone axe, some flint arrowheads and a carved stone ball near the town.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach9">Dennison and Stronach, ''Historic Dunfermline'', p.9.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cowie|first=Trevor|date=1993|title=A survey of Neolithic pottery of eastern and central Scotland|url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_123/123_013_041.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|page=25}}</ref> A [[cropmark]] which is understood to have been used as a possible mortuary enclosure has been found at Deanpark House, also near the town. By the time of the [[Bronze Age]], the area was beginning to show some importance. Important finds included a bronze axe in Wellwood and a gold [[torc]] from the Parish Churchyard.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach9" /> Cist burials from the [[Bronze Age]] have also been discovered at both [[Crossford, Fife|Crossford]] and Masterton, the latter of which contains a pair of armlets, a bronze dagger and a set necklace believed to have complemented a double burial.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach9" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Close-Brooks |first=Joanna |date=1971–1972 |title=A Bronze Age cemetery at Aberdour Road, Dunfermline, Fife |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_104/104_121_136.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=104 |access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

The first historic record for Dunfermline was made in the 11th century.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach15–16">Dennison and Stronach, ''Historic Dunfermline'', pp.15–16.</ref> According to the fourteenth-century chronicler, [[John of Fordun]], [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] married his second bride, the Anglo-Hungarian princess [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Saint Margaret]], at the church in Dunfermline between 1068 and 1070;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/johnoffordunschr00fordrich|title=John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish nation : Fordun, John of, d. 1384? : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|year=1872 }}</ref> the ceremony was performed by [[Fothad II|Fothad]], the last [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Archbishop of St Andrews|bishop of St Andrews]].<ref name="Dennison and Stronach15–16" /><ref name="Dunlop44">Dunlop, ''Queen Margaret of Scotland'', p.44.</ref> Malcolm III established Dunfermline as a new seat for royal power in the mid-11th&nbsp;century and initiated changes that eventually made the township the de facto capital of Scotland for much of the period until the assassination of [[James I of Scotland|James I]] in 1437.<ref name="Lamont–Brown178–180">Lamont-Brown, ''Fife in History and Legend'', pp.178–180.</ref> Following her marriage to King Malcolm III, Queen Margaret encouraged her husband to convert the small [[culdee]] chapel into a church for [[Order of St Benedict|Benedictine]] monks.<ref name="Lamont–Brown178–180" /> The existing culdee church was no longer able to meet the demand for its growing congregation because of a large increase in the population of Dunfermline from the arrival of English nobility coming into Scotland.<ref name="Henderson17">Henderson, ''The Annals of Dunfermline and Vicinity from the earliest authentic period to the present time 1069–1878'', p.17.</ref> The founding of this new church of Dunfermline was inaugurated around 1072, but was not recorded in the town's records.<ref name="Henderson17" />

===Capital of Scotland===

[[File:Scotia Depicta - Dunfermline Abbey and Mill -Plate-.jpg|330px|thumb|Engraving of Dunfermline Abbey and Mill by [[James Fittler]] in ''Scotia Depicta'']]
King [[David I of Scotland]] (reigned 1124–53) would later grant this church, dedicated to the [[Trinity|Holy Trinity]], to ''"unam mansuram in burgo meo de Dunfermlyn''" which translates into ''"a house or dwelling place in my burgh of Dunfermline"''.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach15–16" /><ref name="Fawcett2">Fawcett, ''Royal Dunfermline'', p.2.</ref> The foundations of the church evolved into an [[Dunfermline Abbey|Abbey]] in 1128, under the reign of their son, [[David I of Scotland|David I]].<ref name="Lamont–Brown178–180" /><ref name="Fife Regional Council16" /> [[Dunfermline Abbey]] would play a major role in the general [[Liturgical Latinisation|romanisation]] of religion throughout the kingdom. At the peak of its power the abbey controlled four burghs, three courts of regality and a large portfolio of lands from [[Moray]] in the north down into [[Berwickshire]].<ref name="Lamont–Brown178–180" /> From the time of [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (reign 1107–24), the Abbey would also become firmly established as a prosperous royal mausoleum of the [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scottish Crown]].<ref name="Fawcett139">Fawcett, ''Royal Dunfermline'', p.139.</ref> A total of eighteen royals, including seven Kings, were buried here from Queen Margaret in 1093 to [[Robert, Duke of Albany|Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]] in 1420.<ref name="Fawcett150">Fawcett, ''Royal Dunfermline'', p.150.</ref> During the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]], [[Robert The Bruce]] insisted as early as 1314 that he wanted to be buried in the royal mausoleum in Dunfermline. This was so he could maintain the legacy of previous Scottish kings interred here, referring to them as our ‘predecessors’.<ref name="Fawcett144">Fawcett, ''Royal Dunfermline'', p.144.</ref> Robert The Bruce (reigned 1306–29) would ultimately become the last of the seven Scottish Kings to be given this honour in 1329, although his heart was taken to [[Melrose Abbey]].<ref name="Fawcett144" />

Dunfermline had become a burgh between 1124 and 1127, if not before this time.<ref name="Dennison and Stronach15–16" /><ref name="Fawcett2" /> [[Dunfermline Palace]] was also connected to the abbey and the first known documentation of the [[Auld Alliance]] was signed there on 23 October 1295.

Although the second son of James VI of Scotland and [[Anne of Denmark]], [[Charles I of England|Prince Charles]] was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600, the [[Union of the Crowns]] ended the town's royal connections when [[James VI and I|James VI]] relocated the Scottish royal court to [[London]] in 1603.<ref name="Durie17">Durie, ''Dunfermline: Britain in Old Photographs'', p.17.</ref> King Charles thus became the last monarch to be born in Scotland. The Reformation of 1560 had previously meant a loss of the Dunfermline's ecclesiastical importance. [[David Ferguson (reformer)|David Ferguson]] was the town's first reformed minister. On 25 May 1624, a fire engulfed around three-quarters of the medieval-renaissance burgh.<ref name="Durie17" /><ref name="Dennison and Stronach35">Dennison and Stronach, ''Historic Dunfermline'', p.35.</ref> Some of the surviving buildings of the fire were [[Dunfermline Palace|the palace]], [[Dunfermline Abbey|the abbey]] and the Abbot's House.<ref name="Lamont–Brown178–180" /><ref name="Pride8–10">Pride, ''Kingdom of Fife'', pp.8–10.</ref>

===Recent history===
[[File:Former St Leonard's works, Dunfermline.jpg|thumb|right|Erskine Beveridge company offices, now converted into flats]]
The decline in the fortunes of Dunfermline lasted until the introduction of a [[linen]] industry in the early 18th century.<ref name="Pearson10">Pearson, ''Around Dunfermline'', p.10.</ref> One reason for which the town became a centre for linen was there was enough water to power the mills and nearby ports along the Fife Coast. These ports also did trade with the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and [[Low Countries]].<ref name="Pearson10" /> Another reason was through an act of industrial espionage in 1709 by a weaver known as James Blake who gained access to the workshops of a [[damask]] linen factory in Edinburgh by pretending to act like a simpleton in order to find out and memorise the formula.<ref name="Pearson10" /><ref name="Lamont–Brown186">Lamont–Brown, ''Fife in History and Legend'', p.186.</ref> On his return to his home town in 1718, Blake established a [[damask]] linen industry in the town.<ref name="Pearson10" /> The largest of these factories was St Leonard's Mill which was established by Erskine Beveridge in 1851. A warehouse and office block was later added around 1869. Other linen factories were built on land to both the north and south ends of the burgh.<ref name="Simpson p85">Simpson ''The Auld Grey Toun – Dunfermline in the time of Andrew Carnegie 1835–1919'' p.85.</ref> During the mid-19th century, power loom weaving started to replace linen damask. The latter did not survive, going into decline straight after the end of [[First World War]].<ref name="Pride8–10" /> In 1909 the [[Royal Navy]] established Scotland's only Royal Naval Dockyard at nearby [[Rosyth]].
Post-war housing began in the late 1940s with the construction of temporary prefabs and Swedish timber houses around areas such as Kingseat and Townhill. Additional provisions were made for electricity, water and sewage systems. Council housing was focused towards [[Abbeyview]], on a {{convert|240|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} site on Aberdour Road; Touch, to the south of Garvock Hill; Bellyeoman and Baldridgeburn. Private housing became focused to the north of Garvock Hill and on the site of West Pitcorthie Farm.<ref name="McEwan p87">McEwan ''Dunfermline: The Post-War Years'' p87</ref>

Dunfermline has experienced significant expansion since 1999, especially in an expansion corridor on the eastern side of the town. This growth has edged the population centre towards the town's boundary with the M90 road corridor; it is planned to continue until 2022. Major developments include the creation of the [[Duloch]] and Masterton neighbourhoods with over 6,000 homes, three new primary schools, new community infrastructure, employment land and the Fife Leisure Park. With the expansion there has been a dramatic rise in the town's population; more than 20% over a 15-year period. [[Fife Council]] have begun drafting plans for an expansion of a similar scale on Dunfermline's south-west,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dunfermline|url=http://www.stirlingdevelopments.co.uk/projects/dunferminle-west|publisher=Stirling Developments|access-date=27 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032319/http://www.stirlingdevelopments.co.uk/projects/dunferminle-west|archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> west and north sides,<ref>{{cite web|title=North West Dunfermline|url=http://www.ihbrown.com/App/uploads/download/new/brochure/Dunfermline%20Presentation%20October%202012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205105726/http://www.ihbrown.com/App/uploads/download/new/brochure/Dunfermline%20Presentation%20October%202012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2014|publisher=I&H Brown|access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> which will see the creation of 4,000 homes, a new high school and three new primary schools in the first phase.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dex mark II would be a nightmare|url=http://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/roundup/articles/2012/01/20/422412-dex-mark-ii-would-be-a-nightmare/|newspaper=Dunfermline Press|access-date=27 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204212852/http://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/roundup/articles/2012/01/20/422412-dex-mark-ii-would-be-a-nightmare/|archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

Today, Dunfermline is the main centre for the West Fife area, and is also considered to be a [[dormitory town]] for Edinburgh.<ref name="Pride8–10" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panoramicearth.com/5518/Dunfermline/Dunfermline |title=Dunfermline – Panoramic Earth Virtual Tour |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002064931/http://www.panoramicearth.com/5518/Dunfermline/Dunfermline |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/scotland-dunfermline.shtml|title=BBC – Voices – The Voices Recordings – Leisure centre workers|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The town has shopping facilities, a major public park, a main college campus at Halbeath and an-out-of-town leisure park with a multiplex cinema and a number of restaurants. The online retailer [[Amazon.com]] has opened a major distribution centre in the Duloch Park area of Dunfermline.

As part of the [[Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours]], it was announced on 20 May 2022 that Dunfermline would be awarded [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Record number of city status winners announced to celebrate Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/record-number-of-city-status-winners-announced-to-celebrate-platinum-jubilee |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=GOV.UK }}</ref> It was formally awarded the status through [[Letters Patent (United Kingdom)|Letters Patent]] on 3 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=King Charles visits Scotland: Dunfermline granted city status|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/23015443.king-charles-visits-scotland-dunfermline-granted-city-status/ |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=heraldscotland.com |date=3 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/20152650.dunfermline-granted-city-status-queen-platinum-jubilee-competition/|title=Dunfermline is now officially a city|website=Dunfermline Press|date=19 May 2022|access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Morrow |first=Daniel |date=20 May 2022 |title=What defines a city and how is it decided as Dunfermline awarded new status |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/what-defines-city-how-decided-27020349 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Daily Record }}</ref>