Editing DynCorp (section)

==History==
===California Eastern Aviation (1946–1961)===
[[File:Lockheed_1049H_N6931C_(4815952906).jpg|thumb|left|[[Lockheed L-1049]], [[Oakland Airport|Oakland]], 1957]] 
'''California Eastern Aviation''' was incorporated in Delaware on January 14, 1946. It operated as a [[common carrier]] from then until 1948, flying freight between east and west coasts, one of the largest domestic freight operators of the time. Unfortunately, this was not profitable, and the company entered bankruptcy in May 1948, ceasing common carrier activities and leasing out its aircraft instead, which enabled it to exit bankruptcy in 1950. It then became an [[Part 45 carrier|uncertificated carrier]], flying for the US military. During the 1950s its '''California Eastern Airways''' division supported the Korean War, the [[Distant Early Warning Line|DEW Line]], US activities in the Philippines, French Indochina and maintained personnel in Tokyo, Hawaii, [[Wake Island]], one of the largest such operators.{{sfn|Certification|1959|p=335–339}} The airline flew both [[Douglas DC-4]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac3/Non-skeds/California%20Eastern%20Airways%20DC-4.html|website=www.edcoatescollection.com|title=California Eastern Airways  Douglas DC-4  N1437V|publisher=Ed Coates Collection|language=en|access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> and [[Lockheed Constellation]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac3/Non-skeds/California%20Eastern%20Lockheed%20L-1049H.html|website=www.edcoatescollection.com|title=California Eastern Aviation  Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation  N6532C|publisher=Ed Coates Collection|language=en|access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> In 1959, the carrier received interim certification as a [[supplemental air carrier]] at which time it had two divisions (the airline operation and Flight Training) and two subsidiaries, Land-Air and Air Carrier Service Corp.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Civil Aeronautics Board Reports|volume=28|publisher=U.S. General Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|pages=242–502|date=December 1958 – February 1959|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437011657877?urlappend=%3Bseq=250%3Bownerid=107302274-254|hdl=2027/osu.32437011657877|hdl-access=free |title=Large Irregular Air Carrier Investigation|ref={{sfnref|Certification|1959}}}}</ref> Land-Air held contracts performing instrumentation and R&D activities at [[White Sands Missile Range]].<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/image/84870088 ''Land-Air Instrumentation Collects Much Missile Data'', Alamogordo Daily News, 22 July 1956]</ref> In 1960, California Eastern sold its airline operations to President Airlines.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Civil Aeronautics Board Reports|volume=31|publisher=U.S. General Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|pages=965–970|date=May–September 1960|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437011657679?urlappend=%3Bseq=997%3Bownerid=107305065-1001|hdl=2027/osu.32437011657679|hdl-access=free |title=California Eastern, Certificate Transfer}}</ref>

DynCorp traces its origins from two companies formed in 1946: California Eastern Airways (CEA), an air freight business, and Land-Air Inc., an aircraft maintenance company.<ref>McCarthy, Glenda. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-dec-14-fi-csc14-story.html Computer Sciences to Buy DynCorp]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. December 14, 2002.</ref> California Eastern Airways was founded by a small group of returning [[World War II]] pilots who wanted to break into the air cargo business.<ref name=wired>Baum, Dan. [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.02/gunhire.html This Gun For Hire]. ''Wired''. February 2003.</ref> They were one of the first firms to ship cargo by air, and within a year, the firm was serving both coasts.<ref name=washingtonpostcsc>Merle, Renae. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141836/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-396108.html Computer Sciences Plans to Acquire DynCorp]. ''The Washington Post''. December 14, 2002.</ref><ref name=fundinguniverse>{{cite journal | author = FU Staff [Pederson, Jay P. (Ed.)] | date = 2002 | title = DynCorp History | website = FundingUniverse.com | url = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/DynCorp-company-History.html | access-date= February 27, 2017}} This information is derived from the following source: {{cite book | author = Pederson, Jay P. (Ed.) | date = 2002 | title = International Directory of Company Histories | chapter = DynCorp | volume = 45 | series = IDCH, Gale Reference Library (Derdak, Thomas, series ed.) | location = Farmington Hills, MI  | publisher = Gale/St. James Press  | isbn = 1558624635 | issn = 1557-0126 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1558624635 | access-date= February 27, 2017}} '''''Note''''', this compilation reports, to a significant degree, information self-reported by the company, and so constitutes information not strictly third-party in nature.</ref> California Eastern Airways diversified into multiple government aviation and managerial jobs, airlifted supplies for the [[Korean War]], and was responsible for the [[White Sands Missile Range]] (a client that DynCorp has retained for 50 years).<ref name=wired/><ref name=fundinguniverse/>

In 1951 Land-Air Inc., which implemented the first [[Contract field team|Contract Field Teams]] (teams of technicians that maintained military aircraft for the [[United States Air Force]]), was bought by California Eastern Aviation Inc.<ref name=fundinguniverse/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dyn-intl.com/overview.aspx|title=DynCorp International|work=dyn-intl.com|access-date=26 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116011207/http://www.dyn-intl.com/overview.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2012}}</ref><!-- Overview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116011207/http://www.dyn-intl.com/overview.aspx |date=January 16, 2012 }}. ''DynCorp International''.--> DynCorp still holds the contract 50 years later, maintaining rotary and fixed-wing aircraft for all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.<ref name=fundinguniverse/> At this time, revenues for the company reached $6 million.<ref name=fundinguniverse/>

In 1952 the company, renamed California Eastern Aviation, Inc., merged with Air Carrier Service Corporation (AIRCAR), which sold commercial aircraft and spare parts to foreign airlines and governments.<ref name=fundinguniverse/>

===Dynalectron (1962–1987)===
By 1961 California Eastern Aviation needed a new name to reflect the growing and diversifying company. The name "Dynalectron Corporation" was selected from 5,000 employee suggestions.<ref name=fundinguniverse/> In 1976 Dynalectron established headquarters in [[McLean, Virginia]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/20/archives/fuel-hopes-spur-dynalectron-work-begun-on-process-in-1963.html Fuel Hopes Spur Dynalectron; Work Begun on Process in 1963]. ''The New York Times''. June 20, 1979.</ref> Due to its growing size, the company restructured into four main operating groups: Specialty Contracting, Energy, Government Services, and Aviation Services.<ref name=fundinguniverse/> In the 30 years since the foundation of CEA, Dynalectron had acquired 19 companies in 30 years, had assets of $88 million, maintained a backlog of $250 million, employed 7,000, and had annual sales of $300 million.<ref name=fundinguniverse/>

In 1964 Dynalectron diversified into the energy services business with the acquisition of Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715081248/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/107784331.html?dids=107784331:107784331&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+13,+1963&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Dynalectron+Seeks+to+Buy+Hydrocarbon+Research+Stock&pqatl=google Dynalectron Seeks to Buy Hydrocarbon Research Stock]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. September 13, 1963.</ref> Through this acquisition Dynalectron developed a process called [[Coal liquefaction|H-Coal]], which converted coal into synthetic liquid fuels.<ref name=washingtonpost>Jones, William H. (July 12, 1978). "Dynalectron Has An Oil Answer; New Process For Coal Conversion." ''The Washington Post''.</ref> The work began to attract national attention with the [[Arab Oil Embargo]]s of the 1970s.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/20/archives/fuel-hopes-spur-dynalectron-work-begun-on-process-in-1963.html Fuel Hopes Spur Dynalectron; Work Begun on Process in 1963]. ''The New York Times''. June 20, 1979. "The current petroleum shortfall and renewed interest in synthetic fuels have made the stock of Dynalectron, a small suburban Washington concern with a coal-to-oil process, one of the hottest issues on the American Stock Exchange."</ref> By the early 1980s [[Texaco]], [[RAG AG|Ruhrkohle]] and [[Itochu]] were all marketing Dynalectron's H-Oil process.<ref>"Texaco to Buy Dynalectron Oil Process; Texaco Plans 50% Purchase Of Dynalectron Oil Process." ''The Washington Post''. January 14, 1981.</ref><ref>"Dynalectron to Study Plan For Chinese Synfuel Plant." ''The Washington Post''. December 25, 1981.</ref>

Between 1976 and 1981 the company had two public stock offerings and acquired another 14 companies.<ref name=washingtonposthint>Leibovich, Mark. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141837/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-671096.html DynCorp Letter May Offer . . . a Hint]. ''The Washington Post''. August 4, 1988.</ref> By 1986 Dynaelectron was one of the largest defense contractors in North America.<ref name=washingtonposthint/>

===DynCorp and expansion (1987–2003)===
[[File:DynCorp headquarters.jpg|thumb|left|DynCorp's headquarters]]
In 1987 Dynalectron changed its name to DynCorp.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Investor group withdraws Dyncorp buyout offer |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/07/Investor-group-withdraws-Dyncorp-buyout-offer/6712560577600/ |date=1987-10-07 |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=[[United Press International]]}}</ref> In 1988 DynCorp went private to avoid a [[hostile takeover]] by Miami financier [[Victor Posner]], via an employee initiative led by Daniel R. Bannister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bannister Bid Is Accepted By DynCorp |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/01/20/bannister-bid-is-accepted-by-dyncorp/cacfe455-08a7-4410-80a5-81dc423cf579/ |last=Tucker |first=Elizabeth |date=1988-01-20  |pages=F1–F2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229003100/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/01/20/bannister-bid-is-accepted-by-dyncorp/cacfe455-08a7-4410-80a5-81dc423cf579/ |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-28 |url-status=live |department=Business |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Bannister, as T. Rees Shapiro wrote in his 2011 obituary, "was paid $1.65 an hour when he joined DynCorp as an electronics technician in 1953," rising to serve as its president and CEO (1985 to 1997).<ref name=washingtonpostbannister>{{cite news | author = Shapiro, T. Rees | date = March 15, 2011 | title = Daniel R. Bannister, Former President of DynCorp, Dies at 80 | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/daniel-r-bannister-former-president-of-dyncorp-dies-at-80/2011/03/15/ABYVl9a_story.html | access-date = February 25, 2017 }}</ref>

In 1994 DynCorp's revenues were approximately $1 billion.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}<!--DATE "1994" AND THIS REVENUE STAT DOES NOT APPEAR IN THE OBIT CITATION. ALSO, SINCE THIS IS INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, AT FIRST MENTION OF DOLLARS IN SECTION, SPECIFYING US$. STYLE OF PRESENTATION IS PER THE STYLE GUIDE OF ''The Economist."--> In 1997, DynCorp partnered with British company Porton International to form DynPort Vaccine Group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Bill |date=2002 |title=A Biodefense Boondoggle |url=http://www.motherjones.com//news/outfront/2002/01/biodefense.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129154849/http://www.motherjones.com//news/outfront/2002/01/biodefense.html |archive-date=2005-11-29 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Robert B. |date=2004-03-30 |title=Commonwealth Biotechnologies, Inc. Launches New Biodefense Business Initiative |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1042418/000119312504053263/dex991.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230320195208/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1042418/000119312504053263/dex991.htm |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref> That same year, DynPort was contracted by the Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program (JVAP) of the [[United States Department of Defense]] to manufacture 300,000 doses of a new [[smallpox vaccine]] for the [[United States military|military]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Jon |last2=Marshall |first2=Eliot |date=2001-10-19 |title=Vaccines for Biodefense: A System in Distress |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5542.498 |journal=Science |volume=294 |issue=5542 |pages=498–501 |doi=10.1126/science.294.5542.498 |pmid=11641476 |s2cid=70580908 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

By the time of his retirement in 2003, Shapiro notes that Bannister "oversaw the acquisition of more than 40 companies… [and] was credited with helping to mold… an aviation services company into a sprawling conglomerate that employed 24,000 people and earned $2.4 billion in annual revenue."<ref name="washingtonpostbannister" /><!--EARLIER 1997 DATE REMOVED--THIS WAS HIS RETIREMENT, AND NOT THE DATE RELEVANT TO THE EMPLOYMENT AND ANNUAL REVENUE STATISTICS.--> As well he "oversaw DynCorp contracts to operate missile test ranges for the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]], develop vaccines for the National Institutes of Health and install security systems in U.S. embassies for the State Department."<ref name="washingtonpostbannister" /><!--CHANGE FROM PRESENT TENSE TO PAST TENSE DOES NOT CONSTIUTE A PARAPHRASE; 95% IDENTICAL, SO RETURNED TO QUOTE.--> Shapiro notes that during Bannister's tenure Dyncorp had also "supplied bodyguards to [[Haiti]]an President [[Jean Bertrand Aristide]] in the 1990s and to [[Afghan President]] [[Hamid Karzai]] in the early 2000s."<ref name="washingtonpostbannister" />

With the reductions in military spending in the 1990s, DynCorp expanded their focus to the growing tech market.<ref name=wired/> It bought 19 digital and network service firms and acquired contracts with the government's [[information technology]] (IT) departments.<ref name=wired/> By 2003 roughly half of DynCorp's business came from managing the IT departments of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], and the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], among others.<ref name=wired/> In 1999 DynCorp moved its headquarters to [[Reston, Virginia]].<ref name=fundinguniverse/>

In December 2000 DynCorp formed DynCorp International LLC, and transferred all its international business to this entity.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} DynCorp Technical Services LLC continued to perform DynCorp's domestic contracts.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===Sale to CSC, IPO, and purchase by Cerberus Capital (2003–2020)===
In March 2003 DynCorp and its subsidiaries were acquired by [[Computer Sciences Corporation]] (CSC) for approximately $914 million.<ref name="ComputerWire">{{cite web| url=http://www.computerwire.com/industries/research/?pid=4BD38C8F-6D60-449D-901E-DD60A342337F| title=CSC Sells DynCorp Units for $850m| date=2004-12-14| publisher=Datamonitor ComputerWire| website=computerwire.com| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031006/http://www.computerwire.com/industries/research/?pid=4BD38C8F-6D60-449D-901E-DD60A342337F| archive-date=2008-01-19| url-status=dead| access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> Less than two years later, CSC announced the sale of three DynCorp units (DynCorp International, DynMarine and certain DynCorp Technical Services contracts) to Veritas Capital Fund, LP for $850 million.<ref name="ComputerWire"/> After the sale, CSC retained the rights to the name "DynCorp" and the new company became DynCorp International.<ref>Merle, Renae. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A62259-2004Dec13.html Computer Sciences Sells DynCorp Units]. ''The Washington Post''. December 14, 2004.</ref>

In 2006 DynCorp International went public on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the symbol
DCP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.google.com/finance?q=DCP |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708142359/http://finance.google.com/finance?q=DCP |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |title=DCP |access-date=2012-01-21}}</ref>

On April 12, 2010, DynCorp International announced a conditional deal to be acquired by private equity investment firm [[Cerberus Capital Management]] for $17.55 per share ($1 billion).<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-12/dyncorp-to-be-acquired-by-cerberus-for-1-5-billion-update1-.html |title=Cerberus Agrees to Acquire DynCorp in $1 Billion Deal (Update2) |magazine=Businessweek |access-date=2012-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615030637/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-12/dyncorp-to-be-acquired-by-cerberus-for-1-5-billion-update1-.html |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> The deal was agreed on 7 July 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2010/07/05/daily30.html | first=Jeff | last=Clabaugh | title=Cerberus completes DynCorp acquisition | date=2010-07-07}}</ref>

In December 2011 the company hired Michael Thibault, former co-chairman and commissioner of the Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan (CWC), as vice president of government finance and compliance. Thibault worked for many years at the [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] (DCAA), serving as deputy director from 1994 to 2005.<ref name=pogo>Gordon, Neil. [http://pogoblog.typepad.com/pogo/2012/01/two-former-watchdogs-ring-in-the-new-year-on-the-other-side-of-the-revolving-door.html Two Former Watchdogs Ring in the New Year on the Other Side of the Revolving Door]. ''Pogo''. January 5, 2011.</ref> In 2011 Dyncorp set a company record with 12,300 new hires, bringing the total number of employees to 27,000.<ref>Aitoro, Jill R.
[http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/fedbiz_daily/2012/01/dyncorp-hires-12300-during-2011.html DynCorp hires 12,300 during 2011]. ''Washington Business Journal''. January 11, 2012.</ref>

=== Acquisition by Amentum (2020–present) ===
On November 23, 2020, [[Amentum (company)|Amentum]], a contractor supporting U.S. federal and allied governments, announced that it has closed the acquisition of DynCorp International (due to multiple human trafficking cases), a provider of sophisticated aviation, logistics, training, intelligence and operational solutions in over 30 countries worldwide. The combination has also created one of the largest providers of mission critical support services to government customers, with 34,000 team members in 105 countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Amentum Closes DynCorp International Acquisition|url=https://www.amentum.com/2020/11/16/amentum-closes-dyncorp-acquisition/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Amentum|language=en-US}}</ref>