Editing East Java (section)

== History ==
=== Prehistory ===
East Java has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. This was proven by the discovery of fossils remains of the ''[[Mojokerto child|Pithecanthropus mojokertensis]]'' in Kepuhlagen, [[Mojokerto Regency|Mojokerto]];<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvPLCgAAQBAJ&q=The+Palaeolithic+Settlement+of+Asia |title=The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia |last=Dennell |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Dennell |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-84866-4 |location=[[Cambridge]] |pages=155 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511818882 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501012152/https://books.google.com/books?id=YvPLCgAAQBAJ&q=The+Palaeolithic+Settlement+of+Asia |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Java Man|Pithecanthropus erectus]]'' on [[Trinil]], [[Ngawi Regency|Ngawi]];<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/J/bo3613841.html |title=Java Man: How Two Geologists Changed Our Understanding of Human Evolution |last1=Curtis |first1=Garniss |author-link=Garniss Curtis |last2=Lewin |first2=Roger |author-link2=Roger Lewin |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-226-78734-3 |location=[[Chicago]] |pages=70 |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232537/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/J/bo3613841.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Wajak crania|Homo wajakensis]]'' in Wajak, [[Tulungagung Regency|Tulungagung]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The evolutionary significance of the Wadjak skulls |last=Storm |first=Paul |publisher=[[Naturalis Biodiversity Center|Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum]] |year=1995 |location=[[Leiden]]}}</ref>

=== Hindu-Buddhist era ===
{{see also | Hinduism in Southeast Asia | Buddhism in Southeast Asia | Hinduism in Indonesia | Buddhism in Indonesia | Greater India | Mandala (political model) }}
[[File:Kertolo Statue 5136 (310d).jpg|left|170px|thumb|[[Gadjah Mada]] is a warlord and {{lang|jv|Mahapatih}} (Prime Minister) who was very influential during the [[Majapahit Empire]].]]

The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of [[Malang]] are the oldest written sources in East Java, dating from 760 CE. It tells of many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan. The name Malang is thought to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in the [[Mantyasih inscription]] written in 907 CE.

In 1222, [[Ken Arok]] founded the [[Singhasari|Kingdom of Singhasari]], which he ruled until 1292. Before coming to power, Ken Arok seized power in Tumapel ([[Kediri (city)|Kediri]]) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok's descendants became kings of [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] from the 13th until the 15th century.

In 1227, [[Anusapati]] killed Ken Arok, and later became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 years, before he was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in an uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, and he was succeeded by [[Kertanegara of Singhasari|Kertanegara]] (1268–1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, ending the Singhasari.

In 1293, [[Kublai Khan]], founder of the [[Yuan dynasty]], sent a large invasion fleet to Java with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers, beginning the [[Mongol invasion of Java]].<ref>{{citation |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=Genghis khan and the making of the modern world |page=239 |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-609-80964-4}}</ref> This was a [[punitive expedition]] against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the [[Mongols]].

In 1294, the [[Majapahit|Kingdom of Majapahit]] was founded by [[Raden Wijaya]]. The Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of [[Hayam Wuruk]]. He was accompanied by the ''Mahapatih'' [[Gajah Mada]]. Together they managed to unite the archipelago under the name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to become one of the strongest empires in Southeast Asia.

In 1357, the [[Battle of Bubat]] occurred, starting a war between the [[Sunda Kingdom]] and the Majapahit. The event stemmed from the desire of king Hayam Wuruk to take a [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] princess. Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, leading to a battle in Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada, captured and killed the present Members of the Royal Family of [[Pajajaran]]. In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died, and was succeeded by [[Wikramawardhana]]. This resulted in the beginning of the decline of the Majapahit Empire. As the Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late 1300s, Islam moved to fill the vacuum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/East-Java|title=East Java {{!}} province, Indonesia|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-03-01|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426212614/https://www.britannica.com/place/East-Java|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Islamic era ===
{{Main|Spread of Islam in Indonesia}}

[[File:Ampel Mosque in 2008.jpg|thumb|The [[Ampel Mosque]] in [[Surabaya]], the [[List of the oldest mosques|oldest surviving mosque]] in [[Java]] and second oldest in [[Indonesia]], was built in 1421]]

The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, according to some experts{{Like whom?|{{subst:August 2020}}|date=August 2020}}, it is estimated that Islam entered Java around the 11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti Maimun in the village of Leran in [[Gresik Regency]] which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb also shows that by the 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by [[Arabs|Arab]] traders from the Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in [[Trowulan]], located in what is now part of the [[Mojokerto Regency]], near the site of the former Majapahit palace.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-40319665 |title=Arkeolog dan ahli naskah tanggapi klaim Majapahit sebagai kerajaan Islam |last=Affan |first=Heyder |date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2019-03-01 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302033140/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-40319665 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 15th century, a Chinese [[Hui people|Hui]] voyager named [[Ma Huan]] visited East Java. He then wrote the book ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'', which tells the story of the countries he visited over the course of the [[Ming treasure voyages]]. He mentioned that at that time, there were three different peoples inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern [[Arab Indonesians]]; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day [[Guangdong]] province, and the native [[Javanese people]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan |publisher=Ma Huan, Translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch’eng-Chün with introduction, notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills |year=1433 |pages=138}}</ref>

By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in the exile of many Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of [[Bali]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3btDAAAQBAJ&q=majapahit+kabur+ke+bali&pg=PA57 |title=Muslim Bali: Mencari Kembali Harmoni yang Hilang |last=Mashad |first=Dhurorudin |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Pustaka Al Kautsar |isbn=9789795926665 |language=id |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501012210/https://books.google.com/books?id=P3btDAAAQBAJ&q=majapahit+kabur+ke+bali&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> Those who remained in Java were forced to convert to Islam, while a small pocket of isolated people living in the [[Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park]] spread around [[Pasuruan Regency|Pasuruan]], [[Probolinggo Regency|Probolinggo]], [[Malang Regency|Malang]], and [[Lumajang Regency|Lumajang]] [[Regencies of Indonesia|Regencies]] remains adhered to [[Hinduism]] to this day. They are known as the [[Tenggerese people]]. Their population of roughly 100,000 is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains.<ref>{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |year=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-660-7}}</ref>

When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing, becoming thriving ports. One of them was the town of [[Tuban]], which was a wealthy and important port with many Chinese settlers. Being a port of the Majapahit and the point of departure for the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], it exported an abundant supply of foodstuffs and imported a rich variety of products from the Moluccas.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Yingya Shenglan |publisher=Ma Huan, Translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch’eng-Chün with introduction, notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills |year=1970 |pages=89}}</ref> At the end of the 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. At first, the spread of Islam was very rapid and was accepted by ordinary people, until the [[da'wah]] entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the island.

=== European colonization ===
The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with the signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the [[Portuguese Empire]] in [[Malacca]]. After the failure of the treaty, the Portuguese presence was then limited to Malacca in the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the [[Maluku Islands]]. An expedition under the leadership of the Dutch explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman]] consisting of four ships in 1596 became the beginning of Dutch presence in the island.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700 |author=Ames, Glenn J. |year=2008 |page=99}}</ref> At the end of the 18th century, the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] had succeeded in expanding their influence on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the island of Java.

At the onset of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|British conquered Java]] in 1811. Java briefly became part of the [[British Empire]], with Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] as its Governor-General. In 1814, Britain returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Coins And Tokens Of The Possessions And Colonies Of The British Empire |last=Atkins |first=James |publisher=Quaritch, Bernard |year=1889 |location=London |pages=213}}</ref>

=== Japanese occupation and revolution ===
[[File:Surabaya, Netherlands East Indies, under attack, 17 May 1944 (NNAM.1996.488.024.025).jpg|thumb|[[Operation Transom]], destroyed [[Port of Tanjung Perak|Tanjung Perak]] in 1944]]
During the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]], there was persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In [[Blitar]], an uprising by ''[[Defenders of the Homeland|Pembela Tanah Air]]'' (PETA) led by [[Supriyadi]], Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the Japanese.

Two weeks after the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|proclamation of independence]], [[Surabaya]] established its own government under, [[Sudirman|Raden Sudirman]]. The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between the republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting in various skirmishes across the city. This was because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly established government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major [[Battle of Surabaya|battle]] between the Surabayan residents led by [[Sutomo]] and allied forces.

The battle forced the governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the seat of the government to [[Mojokerto]]. A week later, the government retreated again to a more secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947, the East Java provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in Malang, Governor [[Ario Soerjo|Soerjo]] was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who was in turn replaced again by Dr. Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the [[Linggadjati Agreement]], a ceasefire agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch commenced a military action, [[Operation Product]], which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial government moved again to Blitar.

This military action ended after the [[Renville Agreement]]. However, this agreement reduced the territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then turned the areas under its control into new federal states, the [[State of Madura]] and the [[State of East Java]]. Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, ''Front Demokrasi Rakyat'' (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched [[Madiun Affair|rebellion in Madiun]] on 18 September 1948. However, eventually this revolt was defeated by the [[Indonesian Army]]. On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched [[Operation Kraai]]. Blitar, the seat of the East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the slopes of [[Mount Wilis]]. Operation Kraai ended after the [[Roem–Van Roijen Agreement]] on 7 May 1949.

Following the [[Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference]], at which the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty to the [[United States of Indonesia]], the Dutch withdrew its troops from East Java. East Java changed its status from a province into a state. However, on 25 February 1950, this was dissolved and became part of the territory of the [[Republic of Indonesia (1949–50)|Republic of Indonesia]]. The [[State of Madura]] also decided to join Indonesia.

=== Contemporary era ===
Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java, the governments could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of [[shanty towns]] along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/17/02/10/ol4fs9284-kota-malang-masih-hadapi-permukiman-kumuh |title=Kota Malang Masih Hadapi Permukiman Kumuh |date=2017-02-10 |website=Republika Online |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316175230/https://republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/17/02/10/ol4fs9284-kota-malang-masih-hadapi-permukiman-kumuh|archive-date=2018-03-16|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

East Java has twice hosted the [[National Sports Week (Indonesia)|Indonesian National Games]] ({{langx|id|Pekan Olahraga Nasional}}) (PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became the overall champions in 2000 and 2008.