Editing Edwin Hubble (section)

== Early life and education ==
Edwin Hubble was born in 1889 to Virginia Lee Hubble (née James) (1864–1934)<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 1864 |title=Virginia Lee Hubble (James) (c. 1864–1934) |url=http://www.geni.com/people/Virginia-Hubble/366307793650012341 |access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> and John Powell Hubble, an insurance executive, in Marshfield, Missouri, and moved to [[Wheaton, Illinois|Wheaton]], Illinois, in&nbsp;1900.<ref>{{cite book |author=Christianson |first=Gale E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gmdthgi8_CkC&q=eDWIN+HUBBLE |title=Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the nebulae |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226105215 |pages=13–18}}</ref> In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic prowess than his intellectual abilities, although he did earn good grades in every subject except spelling. Edwin was a gifted athlete, playing [[baseball]], [[American football|football]], and running track in both high school and college. He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school [[track and field]] meet in 1906, and he played a variety of positions on the [[basketball]] court, from [[Center (basketball)|center]] to [[shooting guard]]. Hubble led the [[Chicago Maroons men's basketball|University of Chicago's basketball team]] to their first [[List of Big Ten Conference men's basketball regular season champions|Big Ten Conference]] title in [[1906–07 Chicago Maroons men's basketball team|1907]].<ref name="Gale E. Christianson 1996"/>

===Undergraduate studies===
Hubble's studies at the [[University of Chicago]] were concentrated on [[mathematics]], astronomy and [[philosophy]], which resulted in a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree by 1910. For a year he was also a student laboratory assistant for the physicist [[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert Millikan]], a future [[Nobel Prize]] winner.<ref name=":0" /> Hubble also became a member of [[Kappa Sigma]] fraternity. A [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]], he spent three years at [[The Queen's College, Oxford]] studying [[jurisprudence]] instead of science (as a promise to his dying father),<ref name="Times">{{cite web |author=Lemonick |first=Michael D. |date=March 29, 1999 |title=Astronomer Edwin Hubble |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319180642/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html |archive-date=March 19, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2011 |work=The Times |location=UK}}</ref> and later added studies in literature and Spanish,<ref name="Times" /> eventually earning a master's degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rhodes Scholars: Complete List, 1903–2010|author=The Rhodes Trust|publisher=The Rhodes Trust|quote=Hubble, Edwin – The Queen's College, Illinois (1910)|access-date=May 29, 2011|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231851/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009|archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref>

In 1909, Hubble's father moved his family from [[Chicago]], Illinois to [[Shelbyville, Kentucky]], so that the family could live in a small town, ultimately settling in nearby [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. His father died in the winter of&nbsp;1913, while Edwin was still in England. In the following summer, Edwin returned home to care for his mother, two sisters, and younger brother, along with his brother William. The family moved once more to Everett Avenue, in Louisville's Highlands neighborhood, to accommodate Edwin and William.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kielkopf |first=John F. |title=Edwin Hubble, Family, and Friends in Louisville 1909–1916 |url=http://www.astro.louisville.edu/education/hubble_in_louisville/index.html}}</ref>

Hubble was a dutiful son, who despite his intense interest in astronomy since boyhood, acquiesced to his father's request to study law, first at the University of Chicago and later at Oxford University. In this time, he also took some math and science courses. After the death of his father in 1913, Edwin returned to the Midwest from Oxford but did not have the motivation to practice law. Instead, he proceeded to teach Spanish, [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] at [[New Albany High School (Indiana)|New Albany High School]] in [[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]], Indiana, where he also coached the boys' basketball team. After a year of high-school teaching, he entered graduate school with the help of his former professor from the University of Chicago to study astronomy at the university's [[Yerkes Observatory]], where he received his Ph.D. in 1921. His [[Thesis|dissertation]] was titled "Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hubble |first=Edwin Powell |url=https://archive.org/details/photographicinve00hubbrich |title=Photographic investigations of faint nebulae |date=1920 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |access-date=September 15, 2016 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> At Yerkes, he had access to its 40-inch refractor telescope built in 1897, as well as an innovative 26-inch (61&nbsp;cm) reflector telescope.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Hubble|title=Edwin Hubble {{!}} American astronomer|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=November 20, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===Doctoral studies===
[[File:Hubble identity card.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Hubble's identity card in the [[American Expeditionary Forces]].]]
After the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|United States declared war on Germany in 1917]] during [[World War I]], Hubble rushed to complete his Ph.D. dissertation so he could join the military. Hubble volunteered for the [[United States Army]] and was assigned to the newly created [[86th Infantry Division (United States)|86th Division]], where he served in the 2nd Battalion, 343rd Infantry Regiment. He rose to the rank of major,<ref>{{cite news |title=Major Edwin Hubble is Made Lieutenant Colonel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Major+Edwin+Hubble+is+Made+Lieutenant+Colonel&t=965 |access-date=October 19, 2015 |work=Springfield Missouri Republican |date=August 11, 1918 |page=6}}</ref> and was found fit for overseas duty on July 9, 1918; the 86th Division moved overseas, but never saw combat as it was broken up and its personnel used as replacements in other units. After the end of World War I, Hubble spent a year at [[University of Cambridge]], where he renewed his studies of astronomy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Christianson |first=Gale E. |title=Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226105215 |page=183}}</ref>