Editing Electrohydrodynamics (section)

== Electrokinesis ==
{{Redirect|Electrokinesis|the ability to manipulate electricity|List of psychic abilities}}
'''Electrokinesis''' is the particle or [[fluid]] transport produced by an electric field acting on a fluid having a net mobile charge. (See -kinesis for explanation and further uses of the -kinesis suffix.)  ''Electrokinesis'' was first observed by Ferdinand Frederic Reuss during 1808, in the [[electrophoresis]] of clay particles <ref>Wall, Staffan. "The history of electrokinetic phenomena." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 15.3 (2010): 119-124.</ref> The effect was also noticed and publicized in the 1920s by [[Thomas Townsend Brown]] which he called the [[Biefeld–Brown effect]], although he seems to have misidentified it as an electric field acting on gravity.<ref name="Wired">{{Cite news
	| magazine = [[Wired Magazine]]
	| date = August 2003
	| title = The Antigravity Underground
	| last = Thompson
	| first = Clive
	| url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.08/pwr_antigravity.html
	}}</ref> The flow rate in such a mechanism is linear in the [[electric field]]. Electrokinesis is of considerable practical importance in [[microfluidics]],<ref name=Chang>{{cite book |author1=Chang, H.C. |author2=Yeo, L. | title=Electrokinetically Driven Microfluidics and Nanofluidics | year=2009 | publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]] }}</ref><ref name=Kirby>{{cite book| author=Kirby, B.J.| title=Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices.| url=http://www.kirbyresearch.com/textbook| year=2010| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-11903-0| access-date=2010-02-13| archive-date=2019-04-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428234717/http://www.kirbyresearch.com/textbook/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Bruus>{{cite book | author=Bruus, H. | title=Theoretical Microfluidics | year=2007 | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref> because it offers a way to manipulate and convey fluids in microsystems using only electric fields, with no moving parts.

The force acting on the fluid, is given by the equation
<math display="block">F = \frac{I d}{k} </math>
where, <math>F </math> is the resulting force, measured in [[newton (unit)|newtons]], <math>I </math> is the current, measured in [[ampere]]s, <math>d </math> is the distance between electrodes, measured in metres, and <math>k </math> is the ion mobility coefficient of the dielectric fluid, measured in m<sup>2</sup>/(V·s).

If the electrodes are free to move within the fluid, while keeping their distance fixed from each other, then such a force will actually propel the electrodes with respect to the fluid.

''Electrokinesis'' has also been observed in biology, where it was found to cause physical damage to neurons by inciting movement in their membranes.<ref name=patkesn1>{{cite book
  | last = Patterson 
  | first = Michael 
  |author2=Kesner, Raymond 
  | title = Electrical Stimulation Research Techniques
  | publisher = [[Academic Press]]
  | year = 1981
  | isbn = 0-12-547440-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
  | last = Elul 
  | first = R.J. 
  | title = Fixed charge in the cell membrane
  | journal = The Journal of Physiology 
 | year = 1967
  | volume = 189 
 | issue = 3 
 | pages = 351–365 
 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1967.sp008173 
 | pmid = 6040152 
 | pmc = 1396124 
 }}</ref>  It is discussed in R. J. Elul's "Fixed charge in the cell membrane" (1967).